Proactive policing in the United States: a national survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 861-876
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Koper ◽  
Cynthia Lum ◽  
Xiaoyun Wu ◽  
Noah Fritz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Proactive Policing ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Formal Policy ◽  
Officer Performance ◽  
American Police

PurposeTo measure the practice and management of proactive policing in local American police agencies and assess them in comparison to recommendations of the National Academies of Sciences (NAS) Committee on Proactive Policing.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted with a national sample of American police agencies having 100 or more sworn officers to obtain detailed information about the types of proactive work that officers engage in, to quantify their proactive work and to understand how the agencies measure and manage those activities. Responding agencies (n = 180) were geographically diverse and served populations of approximately half a million persons on average.FindingsProactivity as practiced is much more limited in scope than what the NAS envisions. Most agencies track only a few forms of proactivity and cannot readily estimate how much uncommitted time officers have available for proactive work. Measured proactivity is mostly limited to traffic stops, business and property checks and some form of directed or general preventive patrol. Many agencies have no formal policy in place to define or guide proactive activities, nor do they evaluate officer performance on proactivity with a detailed and deliberate rubric.Originality/valueThis is the first national survey that attempts to quantify proactive policing as practiced broadly in the United States. It provides context to the NAS recommendations and provides knowledge about the gap between practice and those recommendations.

Peel's Principles and Their Acceptance by American Police: Ending 175 Years of Reinvention

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith L. Williams
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Community Policing ◽  
Police Department ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Metropolitan Police ◽  
Police Service ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
American Police

Since the inception of modem policing in 1829, the policing styles of Britain and the United States have run incongruent courses. While the Metropolitan Police Department of London has stayed true to the principles first articulated by Sir Robert Peel, American policing has undergone several sweeping changes in the administration of service. These reinventions have hampered the establishment of a true ideology of police service in America. Through a comparative historical overview of these policing models, this article will strive to explain the reason behind the lack of acceptance of Peel's original nine principles by police in America. Further discussion will focus on the current acceptance of these principles by many police agencies within the United States in their community policing missions and ask what might have been had the Peelian virtues been accepted from the beginning.

Community Health Education Literature from the Seventies: A Field Practitioner Survey

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-389
Author(s):  
Ted T. L. Chen ◽  
George P. Cernada
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Community Health ◽  
National Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Community Health Education ◽  
Education Literature ◽  
Practitioner Survey ◽  
Health Education Faculty

A national sample of community health education practitioners in the United States was surveyed by mail and asked to select five articles published during the 1970's they would recommend that their colleagues read. The study was conducted in late 1979 after a comparable national survey of university health education faculty by Cernada and Chen ( International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 1:2 and 2:1). The recommended readings were collected and abstracted, and are presented in annotated bibliographic form. A comparison of practitioner and academic selections is in preparation.

Gun violence prevention practices among local police in the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Koper ◽  
Daniel J. Woods ◽  
Bruce E. Kubu
Keyword(s):  
Violence Prevention ◽  
National Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gun Violence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Violence Reduction ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Gun Laws ◽  
Us Cities

PurposeThe purpose of the study is to examine gun violence prevention practices among urban police in the USA, assessing their scope, effectiveness, limitations, and impacts.Design/methodology/approachA national survey was conducted with police agencies serving cities of 100,000 or more people.FindingsStrategies used most frequently and rated as most effective include targeted efforts focussed on high‐risk places and groups, as well as multi‐agency problem‐solving efforts, particularly those involving federal authorities. However, most agencies make limited use of proactive strategies to reduce gun crime, and there are substantial gaps in the enforcement of many gun laws. Results also suggest that gun crime is lower in places where police engage in more intensive gun‐related enforcement and prevention efforts.Research limitations/implicationsThe survey focussed only on large US cities. Implementation of the strategies could not be examined in detail, and assessments of the effectiveness of strategies reflect the views of practitioners. There is a need for more in‐depth research on gun‐related enforcement and prevention practices, their effectiveness, and the organizational and environmental factors that facilitate or hinder them.Practical implicationsThe study highlights strategies that should be given priority consideration in policy decisions. The findings also suggest that police efforts to address gun crime can be enhanced considerably – and that doing so may produce demonstrable reductions in gun crime. Further examination of policy changes necessary to facilitate these efforts is warranted.Originality/valueThis study represents the first national survey of gun violence reduction efforts by police in the USA.

National Survey of Neonatal Transport Teams in the United States

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. peds.2010-3796d-peds.2010-3796d
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Neonatal Transport

scholarly journals Mathematical pattern of Kessler psychological distress distribution in the general population of the U.S. and Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichiro Tomitaka ◽  
Toshiaki A. Furukawa
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
General Population ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
The United States ◽  
Depression Screening ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Screening Scale

Abstract Background Although the 6-item Kessler psychological scale (K6) is a useful depression screening scale in clinical settings and epidemiological surveys, little is known about the distribution model of the K6 score in the general population. Using four major national survey datasets from the United States and Japan, we explored the mathematical pattern of the K6 distributions in the general population. Methods We analyzed four datasets from the National Health Interview Survey, the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in the United States, and the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions in Japan. We compared the goodness of fit between three models: exponential, power law, and quadratic function models. Graphical and regression analyses were employed to investigate the mathematical patterns of the K6 distributions. Results The exponential function had the best fit among the three models. The K6 distributions exhibited an exponential pattern, except for the lower end of the distribution across the four surveys. The rate parameter of the K6 distributions was similar across all surveys. Conclusions Our results suggest that, regardless of different sample populations and methodologies, the K6 scores exhibit a common mathematical distribution in the general population. Our findings will contribute to the development of the distribution model for such a depression screening scale.

scholarly journals Christian Nationalism and Views of Immigrants in the United States: Is the Relationship Stronger for the Religiously Inactive?

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312098511
Author(s):  
Samuel Stroope ◽  
Heather M. Rackin ◽  
Paul Froese
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Religious Nationalism ◽  
Religious Service ◽  
Religious Service Attendance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Christian Nationalism ◽  
Service Attendance

Previous research has shown that Christian nationalism is linked to nativism and immigrant animus, while religious service attendance is associated with pro-immigrant views. The findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between religious ideologies and practices when considering how religion affects politics. Using a national sample of U.S. adults, we analyze immigrant views by measuring levels of agreement or disagreement that undocumented immigrants from Mexico are “mostly dangerous criminals.” We find that Christian nationalism is inversely related to pro-immigrant views for both the religiously active and inactive. However, strongly pro-immigrant views are less likely and anti-immigrant views are more likely among strong Christian nationalists who are religiously inactive compared with strong Christian nationalists who are religiously active. These results illustrate how religious nationalism can weaken tolerance and heighten intolerance most noticeably when untethered from religious communities.

NCSS notable trade book lesson plan: the girl who buried her dreams in a can

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Takisha Durm
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Lesson Plan ◽  
The United States ◽  
Elementary Grades ◽  
Effect Change ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Future Date

PurposeThe Girl Who Buried Her Dreams in a Can, written by Dr Tererai, profiles a cultural, yet global experience of the power of believing in one's dream. Through this study of the similarities and differences of how children in the United States and abroad live and dream of a better life, this lesson seeks to enhance students' understandings of the power and authority they possess to effect change not only within their own lives but also in the lives of countless others in world. After reading the text, students will work to create vision boards illustrating their plans to effect change within their homes, schools, communities, states or countries. They will present their plans to their peers. To culminate the lesson, the students will bury their dreams in can and collectively decide on a future date to revisit the can to determine how far they have progressed in accomplishing their goals.Design/methodology/approachThis is an elementary grades 3–6 lesson plan. There was no research design/methodology/approach included.FindingsAs this is a lesson plan and no actual research was represented, there are no findings.Originality/valueThis is an original lesson plan completed by the first author Takisha Durm.

Building Bridges Between Researchers and Police Practitioners in Small and Midsize Law Enforcement Agencies in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 104398622199988
Author(s):  
Janice Iwama ◽  
Jack McDevitt ◽  
Robert Bieniecki
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Local Police ◽  
Police Agencies

Although partnerships between researchers and police practitioners have increased over the last few decades in some of the largest police agencies in the United States, very few small agencies have engaged in a partnership with a researcher. Of the 18,000 local police agencies in the United States, small agencies with less than 25 sworn officers make up about three quarters of all police agencies. To support future collaborations between researchers and smaller police agencies, like those in Douglas County, Kansas, this article identifies challenges that researchers can address and explores how these relationships can benefit small police agencies across the United States.

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