Model-based decoding of time-varying visual information during saccadic eye movements using population-level information

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaiser Niknam ◽  
Amir Akbarian ◽  
Behrad Noudoost ◽  
Neda Nategh
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Level Information

Regarding Scenes

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real World ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Scene Perception ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
Gaze Control ◽  
Gaze Stability

When we view the visual world, our eyes flit from one location to another about three times each second. These frequent changes in gaze direction result from very fast saccadic eye movements. Useful visual information is acquired only during fixations, periods of relative gaze stability. Gaze control is defined as the process of directing fixation through a scene in real time in the service of ongoing perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral activity. This article discusses current approaches and new empirical findings that are allowing investigators to unravel how human gaze control operates during active real-world scene perception.

scholarly journals Dopamine and eye movement control in Parkinson’s disease: deficits in corollary discharge signals?

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Railo ◽  
Henri Olkoniemi ◽  
Enni Eeronheimo ◽  
Oona Pääkkönen ◽  
Juho Joutsa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Corollary Discharge ◽  
Motor Deficits

Movement in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is fragmented, and the patients depend on visual information in their behavior. This suggests that the patients may have deficits in internally monitoring their own movements. Internal monitoring of movements is assumed to rely on corollary discharge signals that enable the brain to predict the sensory consequences of actions. We studied early-stage PD patients (N = 14), and age-matched healthy control participants (N = 14) to examine whether PD patients reveal deficits in updating their sensory representations after eye movements. The participants performed a double-saccade task where, in order to accurately fixate a second target, the participant must correct for the displacement caused by the first saccade. In line with previous reports, the patients had difficulties in fixating the second target when the eye movement was performed without visual guidance. Furthermore, the patients had difficulties in taking into account the error in the first saccade when making a saccade toward the second target, especially when eye movements were made toward the side with dominant motor symptoms. Across PD patients, the impairments in saccadic eye movements correlated with the integrity of the dopaminergic system as measured with [123I]FP-CIT SPECT: Patients with lower striatal (caudate, anterior putamen, and posterior putamen) dopamine transporter binding made larger errors in saccades. This effect was strongest when patients made memory-guided saccades toward the second target. Our results provide tentative evidence that the motor deficits in PD may be partly due to deficits in internal monitoring of movements.

Discharge Properties of Monkey Tectoreticular Neurons

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 3502-3511 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kip Rodgers ◽  
Douglas P. Munoz ◽  
Stephen H. Scott ◽  
Martin Paré
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Tonic Activity ◽  
Temporal Code ◽  
Intermediate Layers ◽  
Saccade Control ◽  
The Brain

The intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (SC) contain neurons that clearly play a major role in regulating the production of saccadic eye movements: a burst of activity from saccade neurons (SNs) is thought to provide a drive signal to set the eyes in motion, whereas the tonic activity of fixation neurons (FNs) is thought to suppress saccades during fixation. The exact contribution of these neurons to saccade control is, however, unclear because the nature of the signals sent by the SC to the brain stem saccade generation circuit has not been studied in detail. Here we tested the hypothesis that the SC output signal is sufficient to control saccades by examining whether antidromically identified tectoreticular neurons (TRNs: 33 SNs and 13 FNs) determine the end of saccades. First, TRNs had discharge properties similar to those of nonidentified SC neurons and a proportion of output SNs had visually evoked responses, which signify that the saccade generator must receive and process visual information. Second, only a minority of TRNs possessed the temporal patterns of activity sufficient to terminate saccades: Output SNs did not cease discharging at the time of saccade end, possibly continuing to drive the brain stem during postsaccadic fixations, and output FNs did not resume their activity before saccade end. These results argue against a role for SC in regulating the timing of saccade termination by a temporal code and suggest that other saccade centers act to thwart the extraneous SC drive signal, unless it controls saccade termination by a spatial code.

scholarly journals Memory and prediction in natural gaze control

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1628) ◽  
pp. 20130064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Diaz ◽  
Joseph Cooper ◽  
Mary Hayhoe
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Gaze Control ◽  
Pursuit Movement ◽  
Ball Trajectory ◽  
And Task

In addition to stimulus properties and task factors, memory is an important determinant of the allocation of attention and gaze in the natural world. One way that the role of memory is revealed is by predictive eye movements. Both smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements demonstrate predictive effects based on previous experience. We have previously shown that unskilled subjects make highly accurate predictive saccades to the anticipated location of a ball prior to a bounce in a virtual racquetball setting. In this experiment, we examined this predictive behaviour. We asked whether the period after the bounce provides subjects with visual information about the ball trajectory that is used to programme the pursuit movement initiated when the ball passes through the fixation point. We occluded a 100 ms period of the ball's trajectory immediately after the bounce, and found very little effect on the subsequent pursuit movement. Subjects did not appear to modify their strategy to prolong the fixation. Neither were we able to find an effect on interception performance. Thus, it is possible that the occluded trajectory information is not critical for subsequent pursuit, and subjects may use an estimate of the ball's trajectory to programme pursuit. These results provide further support for the role of memory in eye movements.

Spatial Updating in Area LIP Is Independent of Saccade Direction

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 2751-2767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura M. Heiser ◽  
Carol L. Colby
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Receptive Field ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Spatial Updating ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Lateral Intraparietal Cortex ◽  
The World ◽  
Saccade Direction

We explore the world around us by making rapid eye movements to objects of interest. Remarkably, these eye movements go unnoticed, and we perceive the world as stable. Spatial updating is one of the neural mechanisms that contributes to this perception of spatial constancy. Previous studies in macaque lateral intraparietal cortex (area LIP) have shown that individual neurons update, or “remap,” the locations of salient visual stimuli at the time of an eye movement. The existence of remapping implies that neurons have access to visual information from regions far beyond the classically defined receptive field. We hypothesized that neurons have access to information located anywhere in the visual field. We tested this by recording the activity of LIP neurons while systematically varying the direction in which a stimulus location must be updated. Our primary finding is that individual neurons remap stimulus traces in multiple directions, indicating that LIP neurons have access to information throughout the visual field. At the population level, stimulus traces are updated in conjunction with all saccade directions, even when we consider direction as a function of receptive field location. These results show that spatial updating in LIP is effectively independent of saccade direction. Our findings support the hypothesis that the activity of LIP neurons contributes to the maintenance of spatial constancy throughout the visual field.

scholarly journals Dopamine and eye movement control in Parkinson’s disease: deficits in corollary discharge signals?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Railo ◽  
Henri Olkoniemi ◽  
Enni Eeronheimo ◽  
Oona Pääkkonen ◽  
Juho Joutsa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Corollary Discharge ◽  
Motor Deficits

Movement in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is fragmented, and the patients depend on visual information in their behavior. This suggests that the patients may have deficits in internally monitoring their own movements. Internal monitoring of movements is assumed to rely on corollary discharge signals that enable the brain to predict the sensory consequences of actions. We studied early-stage PD patients (N=14), and age-matched healthy control participants (N=14) to examine whether PD patients reveal deficits in updating their sensory representations after eye movements. The participants performed a double-saccade task where, in order to accurately fixate a second target, the participant must correct for the displacement caused by the first saccade. In line with previous reports, the patients had difficulties in fixating the second target when the eye movement was performed without visual guidance. Furthermore, the patients had difficulties in taking into account the error in the first saccade when making a saccade towards the second target, especially when eye movements were made towards the side with dominant motor symptoms. Across PD patients, the impairments in saccadic eye movements correlated with the integrity of the dopaminergic system as measured with [123I]FP-CIT SPECT: Patients with lower striatal (caudate, anterior putamen and posterior putamen) dopamine transporter binding made larger errors in saccades. This effect was strongest when patients made memory-guided saccades towards the second target. Our results provide tentative evidence that the motor deficits in PD may be partly accounted by deficits in internal monitoring of movements.

scholarly journals Gain control of saccadic eye movements is probabilistic

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (32) ◽  
pp. 16137-16142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Lisi ◽  
Joshua A. Solomon ◽  
Michael J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
High Acuity ◽  
Bayesian Control

Saccades are rapid eye movements that orient the visual axis toward objects of interest to allow their processing by the central, high-acuity retina. Our ability to collect visual information efficiently relies on saccadic accuracy, which is limited by a combination of uncertainty in the location of the target and motor noise. It has been observed that saccades have a systematic tendency to fall short of their intended targets, and it has been suggested that this bias originates from a cost function that overly penalizes hypermetric errors. Here, we tested this hypothesis by systematically manipulating the positional uncertainty of saccadic targets. We found that increasing uncertainty produced not only a larger spread of the saccadic endpoints but also more hypometric errors and a systematic bias toward the average of target locations in a given block, revealing that prior knowledge was integrated into saccadic planning. Moreover, by examining how variability and bias covaried across conditions, we estimated the asymmetry of the cost function and found that it was related to individual differences in the additional time needed to program secondary saccades for correcting hypermetric errors, relative to hypometric ones. Taken together, these findings reveal that the saccadic system uses a probabilistic-Bayesian control strategy to compensate for uncertainty in a statistically principled way and to minimize the expected cost of saccadic errors.

Activity Linked to Externally Cued Saccades in Single Units Recorded From Hippocampal, Parahippocampal, and Inferotemporal Areas of Macaques

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 2156-2163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislaw Sobotka ◽  
Anna Nowicka ◽  
James L. Ringo
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Single Units ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Visual Response ◽  
Extraretinal Signal

Sobotka, Stanislaw, Anna Nowicka, and James L. Ringo. Activity linked to externally cued saccades in single units recorded from hippocampal, parahippocampal, and inferotemporal areas of macaques. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2156–2163, 1997. We studied whether target-directed, externally commanded saccadic eye movements (saccades) induced activity in single units in inferotemporal cortex, the hippocampal formation, and parahippocampal gyrus. The monkeys first were required to fix their gaze on a small cross presented to the left or right of center on the monitor screen. The cross was extinguished, and a random 600–1,000 ms thereafter, a small dot was presented for 200 ms. The dot was located either 10° above, below, right, or left of the position on which the fixation cross had been. The monkey made a saccadic eye movement to this dot (in darkness). The neuronal activity around this goal-directed saccade was analyzed. In addition, control conditions were imposed systematically in which similar dots were presented, but the monkey's task was to withhold the saccade. We recorded 290 units from two monkeys. From this group, 134 met two criteria, they did not show visual response in control trials and they had spike rates >2 Hz. These were analyzed further; 53% (71/134) showed modulation related to the target directed saccade, and 29% (39/134) showed saccadic modulation during spontaneous eye movements. These two groups were correlated only weakly. Of the units with significant saccadic modulation, 17% (12/71) showed significant directional selectivity, and 13% (9/71) showed significant position selectivity ( P < 0.01). At a lower criterion ( P < 0.05), almost one-half (33/71) showed one or the other spatial selectivity. Primates use saccades to acquire visual information. The appearance of strong saccadic modulation in brain structures previously characterized as mnemonic suggests the possibility that the mnemonic circuitry uses an extraretinal signal linked to saccades to control visual memory processes, e.g., synchronizing mnemonic processes to the pulsatile visual data inflow.

Early Coding of Visuomanual Coordination During Reaching in Parietal Area PEc

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 462-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Ferraina ◽  
Alexandra Battaglia-Mayer ◽  
Aldo Genovesio ◽  
Barbara Marconi ◽  
Paolo Onorati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Association Cortex ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Visuomotor Coordination

The parietal mechanisms of eye-hand coordination during reaching were studied by recording neural activity in area PEc while monkeys performed different tasks, aimed at assessing the influence of retinal, hand-, and eye-related signals on neural activity. The tasks used consisted of 1) reaching to foveated and 2) to extra-foveal targets, with constant eye position; and 3) saccadic eye movement toward, and holding of eye position on peripheral targets, the same as those of the reaching tasks. In all tasks, hand and/or eye movements were made from a central position to eight peripheral targets. A conventional visual fixation paradigm was used as a control task, to assess location and extent of visual receptive field of neurons. A large proportion of cells in area PEc displayed significant relationships to hand movement direction and position. Many of them were also related to the eye's position. Relationships to saccadic eye movements were found for a smaller proportion of cells. Most neurons were tuned to different combination of hand- and eye-related signals; some of them were also influenced by visual information. This combination of signals can be an expression of the early stages of the composition of motor commands for different forms of visuomotor coordination that depend on the integration of hand- and eye-related information. These results assign to area PEc, classically considered as a somatosensory association cortex, a new visuomotor role.

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