An Enhanced OLSR Routing Protocol based on Node Link Expiration Time and Residual Energy in Ocean FANETS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengcheng Xie
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Expiration Time ◽  
Link Expiration Time

scholarly journals Link Expiration Time-Aware Routing Protocol for UWSNs

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Ashraf Uddin ◽  
Mamun-or-Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Bayes Theorem ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Data Packet ◽  
Node Mobility ◽  
Control Packet ◽  
Expiration Time ◽  
Forwarding Node ◽  
Link Expiration Time ◽  
Time Aware

We propose a link expiration time-aware routing protocol for UWSNs. In this protocol, a sending node forwards a data packet after being sure that the packet reaches the forwarding node, and acknowledgment is returned to the sending node after receiving the data packet. Node mobility is handled in the protocol through the calculation of the link expiration time and sending the packet based on the link expiration time. Although the protocol employs two types of control packet, it provides less energy consumption and at the same time is providing better reliability of packets reaching to the destination because of using acknowledgement packet. The forwarding decision of node is taken by applying Bayes’ uncertainty theorem. We use depth, residual energy, and distance from the forwarding node to the sending node as evidence in Bayes’ theorem. In this protocol, we use the concept of expert systems ranking potentially true hypothesis. Extensive simulation has been executed to endorse better performance of the proposed protocol.

scholarly journals A Multiconstrained QoS-Compliant Routing Scheme for Highway-Based Vehicular Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abderrahmane Lakas ◽  
Mohamed El Amine Fekair ◽  
Ahmed Korichi ◽  
Nasreddine Lagraa
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Vehicular Networks ◽  
Multimedia Services ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Available Bandwidth ◽  
Bee Colony ◽  
Expiration Time ◽  
Link Expiration Time ◽  
Qos Metrics

With the deployment of multimedia services over VANETs, there is a need to develop new techniques to insure various levels of quality of services (QoS) for real time applications. However, in such environments, it is not an easy task to determine adequate routes to transmit data with specific application QoS requirements. In this paper, we propose CBQoS-Vanet, a new QoS-based routing protocol tailored towards vehicular networks in a highway scenario. This protocol is based on the use of two techniques: first a clustering technique which organizes and optimizes the exchange of routing information and, second, a bee colony inspired algorithm, which calculates the best routes from a source to a destination based on given QoS criteria. In our approach, clusters are formed around cluster heads that are themselves elected based on QoS considerations. The QoS criteria here are based on the two categories of metrics: QoS metrics and mobility metrics. The QoS metrics consists of the available bandwidth, the end-to-end delay, and the jitter. The mobility metrics consists of link expiration time and average velocity difference. We have studied the performance of CBQoS-Vanet through simulation and compared it to existing approaches. The results that we obtained show that our technique outperforms, in many aspects, the approaches that it was compared against.

An Efficient QoS Routing Protocol for Real Time Applications in MANET

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-75
Author(s):  
Prakash Srivastava ◽  
Rakesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Link Failure ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Expiration Time ◽  
Efficient Route ◽  
Link Expiration Time ◽  
Real Time Applications ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Day By Day

Multimedia applications over Internet are rising day by day hence stringent requirements of bandwidth and delay is an important issue. This paper is focused on QoS aware routing which provides optimal routes as a function of parameters like bandwidth, delay, packet loss etc. Thea authors' approach involves estimation of node bandwidth, delay and link expiration time at every node. The link expiration time metric is also considered for efficient route discovery to determine forecasting of route stability in near future and hence reliable route is identified. Existing link failure strategy involves frequent route discoveries which incurs high routing overhead and increased end-to-end delay. In this paper, efficient link failure strategy is also incorporated by utilizing multiple alternate paths in case of link failure which is determined with the help of signal intensity level to provide prediction before link break up. Performance of proposed approach is analyzed through simulation and validated analytically. Results show that the authors' approach has been found outperforming to existing approaches.

scholarly journals An Energy and Load Aware Multipath Routing Protocol in the Internet of Things

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogayye Khaleghnasab ◽  
Karamolah Bagherifard ◽  
Bahman Ravaei ◽  
Hamid Parvin ◽  
Samad Nejatian
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Hop Count ◽  
Routing Problem ◽  
Expiration Time ◽  
Link Expiration Time ◽  
Routing Methods ◽  
Smart Things ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Internet of things (IoT) is a network of smart things. This indicates the ability of these physical things to transfer information with other physical things. The characteristics of these networks, such as topology dynamicity and energy constraint, challenges the routing problem in these networks. Previous routing methods could not achieve the required performance in this type of network. Therefore, developers of this network designed and developed specific methods in order to satisfy the requirements of these networks. One of the routing methods is utilization of multipath protocols which send data to its destination using routes with separate links. One of such protocols is RPL routing protocol. In this paper, this method is improved using composite metrics which chooses the best paths used for separate routes to send packets. We propose Energy and Load aware RPL (ELaM-IoT) protocol, which is an enhancement of RPL protocol. It uses a composite metric, calculated based on remaining energy, hop count, Link Expiration Time (LET), load and battery depletion index (BDI) for the route selection. In order to evaluate and report the results, the proposed ELaM-IoT method is compared to the ERGID and ADRM-IoT approaches with regard to average remaining energy, and network lifetime. The results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed ELaM-IoT compared to the ERGID and ADRM-IoT approaches.

scholarly journals Grid-Based Routing Model for Energy Efficient and Secure Data Transmission in WSN for Smart Building Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 10517
Author(s):  
V. Sivasankarareddy ◽  
G. Sundari ◽  
Ch. Rami Reddy ◽  
Flah Aymen ◽  
Edson C. Bortoni
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Smart Buildings ◽  
Smart Building ◽  
Secure Data ◽  
Secure Data Transmission ◽  
Average Residual ◽  
Grid Based

Presently, due to the establishment of a sensor network, residual buildings in urban areas are being converted into smart buildings. Many sensors are deployed in various buildings to perform different functions, such as water quality monitoring and temperature monitoring. However, the major concern faced in smart building Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is energy depletion and security threats. Many researchers have attempted to solve these issues by various authors in different applications of WSNs. However, limited research has been conducted on smart buildings. Thus, the present research is focused on designing an energy-efficient and secure routing protocol for smart building WSNs. The process in the proposed framework is carried out in two stages. The first stage is the design of the optimal routing protocol based on the grid-clustering approach. In the grid-based model, a grid organizer was selected based on the sailfish optimization algorithm. Subsequently, a fuzzy expert system is used to select the relay node to reach the shortest path for data transmission. The second stage involves designing a trust model for secure data transmission using the two-fish algorithm. A simulation study of the proposed framework was conducted to evaluate its performance. Some metrics, such as the packet delivery ratio, end-end delay, and average residual energy, were calculated for the proposed model. The average residual energy for the proposed framework was 96%, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed routing design.

ECRPW: Energy-Efficient Clustering Routing Protocol Based on Weight for WSNs

2012 ◽  
Vol 182-183 ◽  
pp. 823-828
Author(s):  
Xiang Ping Gu ◽  
Rong Lin Hu
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Distance Threshold ◽  
Cluster Heads ◽  
Cluster Scheme ◽  
Energy Efficient Clustering ◽  
Routing Tree ◽  
Better Than

ECRPW (energy-efficient clustering routing protocol based on weight) routing protocol is presented to avoid the characteristic of limited energy for wireless sensor networks. It takes nodes’ residual energy into consideration during the process of cluster heads being elected. The constraint of distance threshold is used to optimize cluster scheme. Furthermore, it also sets up the routing tree based on cluster heads’ weight. We simulate and analyze LEACH and ECRPW in NS2. The results show that the performance of ECRPW is better than LEACH.

Communication Trust and Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for WSN Using D-S Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-36
Author(s):  
Srinivasan Palanisamy ◽  
Sankar S. ◽  
Ramasubbareddy Somula ◽  
Ganesh Gopal Deverajan
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Trust Model ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Decision Making System ◽  
Trust Models

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) deployed in open environments make nodes prone to various security attacks due to their resource constrained nature. The compromised nodes are used to mislead the sensed data and disrupt communication, which can affect the entire decision-making system based on the sensed data. It is also possible to drain the sensor nodes energy and reduce the battery life of the networks. Trust models are the preferred mechanism to secure WSN. In this paper, the authors present communication trust and energy aware (CTEA) routing protocol that make use of the proposed trust model to mitigate the effects of badmouth and energy drain attacks. They use Dempster theory to compute communication trust and also consider the energy metric, to establish the route for data transfer. The simulation result shows that the proposed trust model increases the packet delivery ratio, residual energy, and network lifetime by mitigating the nodes misbehaviour in presence of energy drain and bad mouth attacks.

Secure-Aware Multipath Routing Using Atom Search Rider Optimization Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-55
Author(s):  
M. B. Shyjith ◽  
C. P. Maheswaran ◽  
V. K. Reshma
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Multipath Routing ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Throughput Rate ◽  
Cluster Heads ◽  
Average Residual ◽  
Maximal Average ◽  
Selection Of

WSN is comprised of sensor nodes that sense the data for various applications. The nodes are employed for transmitting sensed data to BS through intermediate nodes or the cluster heads in multi-hop environment. Erroneous selection of CHs may lead to large energy consumption and thereby degrades system performance. Hence, an effective technique was developed by proposing Rider-ASO for secure-aware multipath routing in the WSN. The proposed routing protocol offers security to the network concerning various trust factors. Initially, cluster head selection is done using RCSO. Then, the trust values of the cluster heads that are selected is computed to ensure security while routing. For the multipath routing, proposed Rider-ASO is developed by combining ASO and ROA. Thus, the proposed algorithm finds multiple secured paths from the source into destination based on selected CHs. The developed Rider-ASO outperformed other methods with minimal delay of 0.009 sec, maximal average residual energy 0.5494 J, maximal PDR of 97.82%, maximal throughput rate of 96.07%, respectively.

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