Abstract
Ozone bleaching is a common practice in pulping, and also of eucalyptus, where it is usually applied in combination with bleaching sequences based on oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, or chlorine dioxide. Ozone has been proven to be a highly efficient and competitive bleaching chemical in terms of delignification efficiency, low costs, and reducing ecological impact. The objective of the present work was to evaluate technology with ozone/alkaline extraction (Z/E) and ozone/chlorine dioxide (Z/D) for bleaching of eucalyptus kraft pulp. Primarily, the impact of these bleaching steps on refinability and quality of pulp should be investigated. As reference, the sequence D*(EP)D (hot chlorine dioxide, extraction in presence of hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide) was selected, which is considered as the state-of-the-art bleaching in elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching technology. Various bleaching sequences with ozone in their first step (Z/D(EP)DP, Z/D(EP)DD, Z/EDP, Z/EDD and A*Z/EDP) were found to provide kraft pulps of similar brightness and in similar yield as the reference sequence D*(EP)D. The kappa number, viscosity, and the contents of glucose and xylose, and hexenuronic acid of the pulps were also similar. In addition, the Z sequences resulted in a substantial reduction of the total chlorine dioxide consumption (more than 30.3% in all cases). The A*Z/EDP sequence, which proved to be the most efficient, yielded 87.5% ClO2 reduction. The studied bleaching sequences also resulted in substantially improved brightness reversal with regard to the reference sequence. The sequence A*Z/EDP was also the most efficient as regards the removal or organochlorines (OX) from the pulp and their reduction in the effluents (AOX). Ozone bleaching sequences improved paper strength, especially with the A*Z/EDP sequence.
Hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide against parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Protozoa, Ciliophora) in jundiá fingerlings