Applications of Blockchain Technology for Smart Cities

The way citizens interact with cities affects overall life quality. Their participation in social decisions is of paramount importance for helping on public decisions that affect governance, regulation and education. This interaction has the potential of being boosted within the scope of smart and digital cities, especially by recent advances in blockchain technology. This work introduces insights about how smart cities’ concepts and innovative technologies can help society to face daily challenges for improving citizens’ awareness. Digital technologies are able to drive social and economic development by employing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to promote innovation. In this context, e-governance, in conjunction with disruptive concepts such as blockchain, is showing up as a fundamental tool for a decentralized democracy. This study reviews, discusses, raises open points and presents suggestions towards an efficient, transparent and sustainable use of technology, applied to future cities.

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A Data Verification System for CCTV Surveillance Cameras Using Blockchain Technology in Smart Cities

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics9030484 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 484 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Prince Khan ◽

Yung-Cheol Byun ◽

Namje Park

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Internet Of Things ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Smart Sensors ◽

Law Enforcement Agencies ◽

Television Camera ◽

Blockchain Technology ◽

Distributed Ledger ◽

Surveillance Cameras ◽

Cctv Surveillance

The video created by a surveillance cameras plays a crucial role in crime prevention and examinations in smart cities. The closed-circuit television camera (CCTV) is essential for a range of public uses in a smart city; combined with Internet of Things (IoT) technologies they can turn into smart sensors that help to ensure safety and security. However, the authenticity of the camera itself raises issues of building up integrity and suitability of data. In this paper, we present a blockchain-based system to guarantee the trustworthiness of the stored recordings, allowing authorities to validate whether or not a video has been altered. It helps to discriminate fake videos from original ones and to make sure that surveillance cameras are authentic. Since the distributed ledger of the blockchain records the metadata of the CCTV video as well, it is obstructing the chance of forgery of the data. This immutable ledger diminishes the risk of copyright encroachment for law enforcement agencies and clients users by securing possession and identity.

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Blockchain for the Internet of Vehicles: A Decentralized IoT Solution for Vehicles Communication Using Ethereum

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20143928 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (14) ◽

pp. 3928 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rateb Jabbar ◽

Mohamed Kharbeche ◽

Khalifa Al-Khalifa ◽

Moez Krichen ◽

Kamel Barkaoui

Keyword(s):

Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽

Secure Communication ◽

Data Exchange ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Transportation Systems ◽

Smart Devices ◽

The Internet ◽

Internet Of Vehicles ◽

Computing Platform ◽

Blockchain Technology

The concept of smart cities has become prominent in modern metropolises due to the emergence of embedded and connected smart devices, systems, and technologies. They have enabled the connection of every “thing” to the Internet. Therefore, in the upcoming era of the Internet of Things, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) will play a crucial role in newly developed smart cities. The IoV has the potential to solve various traffic and road safety problems effectively in order to prevent fatal crashes. However, a particular challenge in the IoV, especially in Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications, is to ensure fast, secure transmission and accurate recording of the data. In order to overcome these challenges, this work is adapting Blockchain technology for real time application (RTA) to solve Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications problems. Therefore, the main novelty of this paper is to develop a Blockchain-based IoT system in order to establish secure communication and create an entirely decentralized cloud computing platform. Moreover, the authors qualitatively tested the performance and resilience of the proposed system against common security attacks. Computational tests showed that the proposed solution solved the main challenges of Vehicle-to-X (V2X) communications such as security, centralization, and lack of privacy. In addition, it guaranteed an easy data exchange between different actors of intelligent transportation systems.

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A Blockchain System Based on Quantum-Resistant Digital Signature

Security and Communication Networks ◽

10.1155/2021/6671648 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Peijun Zhang ◽

Lianhai Wang ◽

Wei Wang ◽

Kunlun Fu ◽

Jinpeng Wang

Keyword(s):

Quantum Computation ◽

Digital Signature ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Running Speed ◽

Security Issues ◽

Distributed Structure ◽

Blockchain Technology ◽

Public Keys ◽

And Performance

Blockchain, which has a distributed structure, has been widely used in many areas. Especially in the area of smart cities, blockchain technology shows great potential. The security issues of blockchain affect the construction of smart cities to varying degrees. With the rapid development of quantum computation, elliptic curves cryptosystems used in blockchain are not secure enough. This paper presents a blockchain system based on lattice cipher, which can resist the attack of quantum computation. The most challenge is that the size of public keys and signatures used by lattice cryptosystems is typically very large. As a result, each block in a blockchain can only accommodate a small number of transactions. It will affect the running speed and performance of the blockchain. For overcoming this problem, we proposed a way that we only put the hash values of public keys and signatures on the blockchain and store the complete content of them on an IPFS (interplanetary file system). In this way, the number of bytes occupied by each transaction is greatly reduced. We design a bitcoin exchange scheme to evaluate the performance of the proposed quantum-resistant blockchain system. The simulation platform is verified to be available and effective.

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Blockchain Technology and It’s Applications in E-Governance Services

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.d8599.118419 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 5795-5802

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Data Structure ◽

Open Source ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Third Party ◽

Technical Aspects ◽

Blockchain Technology ◽

Smart Contract ◽

Peer Network ◽

Peer To Peer Network

Blockchain Technology is one of the most popular technologies of present days. This technology has the capability to eliminate the requirement of third party to validate the transactions over the Peer-to-Peer network. Due to various features of Blockchain like smart contract, consensus mechanism, network transactions are completed securely, efficiently and timely. This technology is very useful in many areas including medical, IoT, e-Governance services, smart cities, taxation, supply chain, banking etc. In this paper, we discuss the Blockchain Technology in detail, its data structure, open source platform like Ethereum and Hyperledger, technical aspects of this technology, possible applications of this technology, challenges and limitations in adaptation of this technology.

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A Model-Based Testing Framework for Validating an IoT Solution for Blockchain-Based Vehicles Communication

10.36227/techrxiv.12030765 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rateb Jabbar ◽

Moez Krichen ◽

Mohamed Kharbeche ◽

Noora Fetais ◽

Kamel Barkaoui

Keyword(s):

Secure Communication ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Fog Computing ◽

The Internet ◽

Computing Platform ◽

Model Based ◽

Blockchain Technology ◽

Fatal Crashes ◽

Attack Trees ◽

Smart Technologies

<div>The emergence of embedded and connected smart technologies, systems, and devices has enabled the concept of smart cities by connecting every ``thing'' to the Internet and in particular in transportation through the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). The main purpose of IoV is to prevent fatal crashes by resolving traffic and road safety problems. Nevertheless, it is paramount to ensure secure and accurate transmission and recording of data in ``Vehicle-to-Vehicle'' (V2V) and ``Vehicle-to-Infrastructure'' (V2I) communication. </div><div>To improve ``Vehicle-to-Everything'' (V2X) communication, this work uses Blockchain technology for developing a Blockchain-based IoT system aimed at establishing secure communication and developing a fully decentralized cloud computing platform.</div><div> Moreover, the authors propose a model-based framework to validate the proposed approach. This framework is mainly based on the use of the Attack Trees (AT) and timed automaton (TA) formalisms in order to test the functional, load and security aspects. An optimization phase for testers placement inspired by fog computing is proposed as well.</div>

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A Comprehensive Survey on Sharding in Blockchains

Mobile Information Systems ◽

10.1155/2021/5483243 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-22

Author(s):

Jinwen Xi ◽

Shihong Zou ◽

Guoai Xu ◽

Yanhui Guo ◽

Yueming Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smart Cities ◽

Detailed Comparison ◽

Smart Manufacturing ◽

Low Latency ◽

Communication Overhead ◽

P2p Networks ◽

Blockchain Technology ◽

Three Layer Architecture ◽

Comprehensive Survey ◽

Smart Health

Blockchain technology has been widely used in many fields, such as smart cities, smart health care, and smart manufacturing, due to its anonymity, decentralization, and tamper resistance in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. However, poor scalability has severely affected the widespread adoption of traditional blockchain technology in high-throughput and low-latency applications. Therefore, based on the three-layer architecture, this study presents a variety of solutions to improve the scalability of the blockchain. As the scale of the network expands, one of the most practical ways to achieve horizontal scalability is sharding, where the network is divided into multiple subnetworks to avoid repeated communication overhead, storage, and calculations. This study provides a systematic and comprehensive introduction to blockchain sharding, along with a detailed comparison and evaluation for primarily considered sharding mechanisms. We also provide the detailed calculations and then analyze the characteristics of existing solutions along with our insights.

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