Optical Transmission Stability of Hybrid Sol–Gel Silica/Electrooptic Polymer Waveguide Modulators

Sol gel indium tin oxide thin films (In: Sn = 90:10) were prepared by the sol-gel dipcoating process on silicon buffer substrate. The precursor solution was prepared by mixing SnCl2.2H2O and InCl3 dissolved in ethanol and acetic acid. The crystalline structure and grain orientation of ITO films were determined by X-ray diffraction. The surface morphology of the films was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Optical transmission and reflectance spectra of the films were analyzed by using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The transport properties of majority charge carriers for these films were studied by Hall measurement. ITO thin film with electrical resistivity of 7.6 ×10-3 3.cm, Hall mobility of approximately 2 cm2(Vs)-1 and free carrier concentration of approximately 4.2 ×1020 cm-3 are obtained for films 100 nm thick films. The I-V curve measurement showed typical I-V characteristic behavior of sol gel ITO thin films.

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Optical heterodyne detection of 60 GHz electro‐optic modulation from polymer waveguide modulators

Applied Physics Letters ◽

10.1063/1.115065 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 67 (13) ◽

pp. 1806-1808 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Wenshen Wang ◽

Datong Chen ◽

Harold R. Fetterman ◽

Yongqiang Shi ◽

William H. Steier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heterodyne Detection ◽

Optical Heterodyne ◽

60 Ghz ◽

Polymer Waveguide ◽

Electro Optic ◽

Waveguide Modulators ◽

Optical Heterodyne Detection

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Sol-Gel Coatings for Subaquatic Self-Cleaning Windows

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst10050375 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 375

Author(s):

Andrew I. M. Greer ◽

David Moodie ◽

Graham Kerr ◽

Nikolaj Gadegaard

Keyword(s):

North Sea ◽

Marine Bacteria ◽

Optical Transmission ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Optical Devices ◽

The Self ◽

Worst Case ◽

Airborne Pollutants ◽

Cleaning Performance ◽

Self Cleaning

Self-cleaning windows are well known for their ability to function with airborne pollutants, but there is a growing industry for semi-permanent subaquatic optical devices, where the performance of such windows should be considered. Here sol-gel technology is explored as a means of producing self-cleaning, subaquatic, sapphire windows. We demonstrate removal of marine bacteria and, in the worst-case contamination scenario, dead North Sea crude oil (API 35). This greasy contaminant was smeared across the windows to effectively reduce optical transmission strength to just 54%. The titania-based sol-gel-coated windows can restore transmission to within 10% of the clean value in less than one day, unlike standard sapphire windows, which lose 68% transmission following contamination and aquatic submergence over the same duration. A range of theories to enhance the self-cleaning performance of the sol-gel coating were explored, but none of the tested variables were able to provide any enhancement for subaquatic performance.

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Hybrid cross-linkable polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators with 0.65V half wave voltage at 1550nm

Applied Physics Letters ◽

10.1063/1.2776369 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 91 (9) ◽

pp. 093505 ◽

Cited By ~ 107

Author(s):

Y. Enami ◽

D. Mathine ◽

C. T. DeRose ◽

R. A. Norwood ◽

J. Luo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sol Gel ◽

Half Wave Voltage ◽

Half Wave ◽

Waveguide Modulators ◽

Hybrid Cross

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Electro-optic polymer waveguide modulators with refractive index tapers leading to low coupling loss and a high confinement factor

2008 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics ◽

10.1109/cleo.2008.4551765 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

C.T. DeRose ◽

D. Mathine ◽

Y. Enami ◽

R. A. Norwood ◽

J.D. Luo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

Coupling Loss ◽

Polymer Waveguide ◽

Electro Optic ◽

Waveguide Modulators

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Effect of heat treatment on formation of sol-gel (Pb, La)TiO3 films for optical application

Journal of Materials Research ◽

10.1557/jmr.1997.0118 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 812-818 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Junmo Koo ◽

Sung-Uk Kim ◽

Dae Sung Yoon ◽

Kwangsoo No ◽

Byeong-Soo Bae

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Refractive Index ◽

Film Thickness ◽

Optical Transmission ◽

Thick Films ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Propagation Loss ◽

Optical Propagation ◽

Lanthanum Titanate ◽

Sol Gel Films

Lead lanthanum titanate [(Pb, La)TiO3] sol-gel films have been prepared to investigate the effect of heat treatment on the fabrication of uniform and crack-free thick films by applying different heating schedules. The surface morphology as well as the optical properties such as refractive index, optical transmission, and optical propagation loss of the films was examined, depending on the film thickness. Because the slower and longer heating is enough to remove the organic and nitrate residues and diminish the thermal shock while heating the films, slower and longer heating can produce the uniform and crack-free thick films having higher refractive index as well as lower optical propagation loss. Also, the drying and heating of the films on a hot plate in every coating resulted in the fabrication of thick films having above 8000 Å without any defects and microcracks. This film presented the highest refractive index as well as the lowest optical propagation loss which grows exponentially with increasing the film thickness due to the scattering of defects in the film.

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