FRACTAL: A framework for recursive abstraction of SDN control-plane for large-scale production networks

Author(s):  
Myungchul Kwak ◽  
Junho Suh ◽  
Ted Kwon
2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasco M. Carvalho

A modern economy is an intricately linked web of specialized production units, each relying on the flow of inputs from their suppliers to produce their own output which, in turn, is routed towards other downstream units. In this essay, I argue that this network perspective on production linkages can offer novel insights on how local shocks occurring along this production network can propagate across the economy and give rise to aggregate fluctuations. First, I discuss how production networks can be mapped to a standard general equilibrium setup. In particular, through a series of stylized examples, I demonstrate how the propagation of sectoral shocks—and hence aggregate volatility— depends on different arrangements of production, that is, on different “shapes” of the underlying production network. Next I explore, from a network perspective, the empirical properties of a large-scale production network as given by detailed US input-output data. Finally I address how theory and data on production networks can be usefully combined to shed light on comovement and aggregate fluctuations.


2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (01) ◽  
pp. 248-277
Author(s):  
Daniel Féo Castro de Araújo ◽  
Fernando Luiz Araújo Sobrinho

No início do século XXI, o agronegócio sucroenergético teve forte expansão no território brasileiro, especialmente nas regiões que estão no domínio morfoclimático do Cerrado, em função da construção de novas Unidades Agroindustriais Sucroenergéticas (UAS) e dos processos de financeirização e centralização do capital. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o processo de modernização da cultura canavieira na produção agrícola na mesorregião Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba. Para a realização da pesquisa, fizeram-se imprescindíveis os seguintes passos metodológicos: a) levantamento bibliográfico, leituras de material acadêmico já publicado sobre o tema (teses e dissertações, livros, periódicos, dentre outros) através de levantamento bibliográfico temático (específico sobre o setor sucroenergético e a cultura canavieira); b) pesquisa em campo que consistiu em levantamento, exame e organização de dados secundários da produção e da situação econômico-financeira das empresas, assim como de bases de dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE).O Brasil se consolidou nas últimas décadas como uma das modernas fronteiras de expansão agrícola e agroexportador de produtos ligados ao agronegócio, especialmente no período pós - anos 2000, sob o paradigma da agricultura científica globalizada. Um conjunto de circunstâncias favoráveis, tanto técnica e político-econômica provocaram uma nova organização do setor, pautada na internacionalização do mercado e na difusão de inovações científico-tecnológicas, confirmando o caráter mais corporativo do território e a procura de novas áreas estratégicas. Concluímos que, a partir da organização dos dados e informações coletadas, o Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba se tornou nas últimas décadas uma importante Região Produtiva do Agronegócio impactando as relações e o mercado de trabalho, os fluxos migratórios, os municípios aonde a atividade se implantou, a articulação da região as redes de produção global, bem como questões ambientais decorrentes da produção em larga escala. Palavras-chave: Modernização da agricultura. Agronegócio. Commodities. Globalização. Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba.   THE DYNAMICS OF THE SUCROENERGETIC SECTOR IN THE TRIÂNGULO MINEIRO/ALTO PARANAÍBA ABSTRACT At the beginning of the 21st century, sugar-energy agribusiness had a strong expansion in the Brazilian territory, especially in the regions that are in the Cerrado's morphoclimatic domain, due to the construction of new Agroindustrial Sucroenergetic Units (UAS) and the processes of financialization and centralization of capital. The objective of this article is to analyze the process of modernization of the sugarcane culture in agricultural production in the Triângulo Mineiro / Alto Paranaíba mesoregion. To carry out the research, the following methodological steps were essential: a) bibliographic survey, readings of academic material already published on the topic (theses and dissertations, books, periodicals, among others) through a thematic bibliographic survey (specific about the sugar-energy sector and sugar cane culture); b) field research that consisted of surveying, examining and organizing secondary data on the production and economic and financial situation of companies, as well as databases from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). decades as one of the modern frontiers of agricultural expansion and agroexporter of products linked to agribusiness, especially in the post - 2000s period, under the paradigm of globalized scientific agriculture. A set of favorable circumstances, both technical and political-economic, provoked a new organization of the sector, based on the internationalization of the market and the diffusion of scientific and technological innovations, confirming the more corporate character of the territory and the search for new strategic areas. We conclude that, based on the organization of the data and information collected, the Triângulo Mineiro / Alto Paranaíba has become an important Agribusiness Productive Region in the last decades, impacting relations and the labor market, migratory flows, the municipalities where the activity was implemented , the articulation of the region with global production networks, as well as environmental issues arising from large-scale production.  Keywords: Modernization of agriculture. Agribusiness. Commodities. Globalization. Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba.   LA DINÁMICA DEL SECTOR SUCROENERGETICO EM TRIÂNGULO MINEIRO/ALTO PARANAÍBA RESUMEN A principios del siglo XXI, los agronegocios de energía azucarera tuvieron una fuerte expansión en el territorio brasileño, especialmente en las regiones que se encuentran en el dominio morfoclimático del Cerrado, debido a la construcción de nuevas Unidades Agroindustriales de Energía de Azúcar (UAS) y los procesos de financiarización y centralización del capital. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el proceso de modernización del cultivo de la caña de azúcar en la producción agrícola en la mesorregión Triângulo Mineiro / Alto Paranaíba. Para llevar a cabo la investigación, los siguientes pasos metodológicos fueron esenciales: a) encuesta bibliográfica, lecturas de material académico ya publicado sobre el tema (tesis y disertaciones, libros, publicaciones periódicas, entre otros) a través de una encuesta bibliográfica temática (específica sobre el sector de energía azucarera y cultivo de caña de azúcar); b) investigación de campo que consistió en encuestar, examinar y organizar datos secundarios sobre la producción y la situación económica y financiera de las empresas, así como bases de datos del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE). décadas como una de las fronteras modernas de la expansión agrícola y la agroexportadora de productos vinculados a la agroindustria, especialmente en el período posterior a la década de 2000, bajo el paradigma de la agricultura científica globalizada. Un conjunto de circunstancias favorables, tanto técnicas como político-económicas, provocaron una nueva organización del sector, basada en la internacionalización del mercado y la difusión de innovaciones científicas y tecnológicas, confirmando el carácter más corporativo del territorio y la búsqueda de nuevas áreas estratégicas. Concluimos que, en base a la organización de los datos y la información recopilada, el Triângulo Mineiro / Alto Paranaíba se ha convertido en una importante región productiva de agronegocios en las últimas décadas, impactando las relaciones y el mercado laboral, los flujos migratorios, los municipios donde se implementó la actividad. , la articulación de la región con las redes mundiales de producción, así como los problemas ambientales derivados de la producción a gran escala. Palabras-clave: Modernização da agricultura. Agronegócio. Commodities. Globalização. Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba.


1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-131
Author(s):  
Naureen Talha

The literature on female labour in Third World countries has become quite extensive. India, being comparatively more advanced industrially, and in view of its size and population, presents a pictures of multiplicity of problems which face the female labour market. However, the author has also included Mexico in this analytical study. It is interesting to see the characteristics of developing industrialisation in two different societies: the Indian society, which is conservative, and the Mexican society, which is progressive. In the first chapter of the book, the author explains that he is not concerned with the process of industrialisation and female labour employed at different levels of work, but that he is interested in forms of production and women's employment in large-scale production, petty commodity production, marginal small production, and self-employment in the informal sector. It is only by analysis of these forms that the picture of females having a lower status is understood in its social and political setting.


2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ponnusamy Kannan ◽  
Samuel I.D. Presley ◽  
Pallikondaperumal Shanmugasundaram ◽  
Nagapillai Prakash ◽  
Deivanayagam Easwaramoorthy

Aim and Objective: Itopride is a prokinetic agent used for treating conditions like non-ulcer dyspepsia. Itopride is administered as its hydrochloride salt. Trimethobenzamide is used for treating nausea and vomiting and administered as its hydrochloride salt. The aim is to develop a novel and environmental friendly method for large-scale production of itopride and trimethobenzamide. Materials and Methods: Itopride and trimethobenzamide can be prepared from a common intermediate 4- (dimethylaminoethoxy) benzyl amine. The intermediate is prepared from one pot synthesis using Phyrdroxybenzaldehye and zinc dust and further reaction of the intermediate with substituted methoxy benzoic acid along with boric acid and PEG gives itopride and trimethobenzamide. Results: The intermediate 4-(dimethylaminoethoxy) benzylamine is prepared by treating p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride. The aldehyde formed is treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The intermediate is confirmed by NMR and the purity is analysed by HPLC. Conclusion: Both itopride and trimethobenzamide were successfully synthesized by this method. The developed method is environmental friendly, economical for large-scale production with good yield and purity.


Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Shaden A. M. Khalifa ◽  
Eslam S. Shedid ◽  
Essa M. Saied ◽  
Amir Reza Jassbi ◽  
Fatemeh H. Jamebozorgi ◽  
...  

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms which represent a significant source of novel, bioactive, secondary metabolites, and they are also considered an abundant source of bioactive compounds/drugs, such as dolastatin, cryptophycin 1, curacin toyocamycin, phytoalexin, cyanovirin-N and phycocyanin. Some of these compounds have displayed promising results in successful Phase I, II, III and IV clinical trials. Additionally, the cyanobacterial compounds applied to medical research have demonstrated an exciting future with great potential to be developed into new medicines. Most of these compounds have exhibited strong pharmacological activities, including neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against HCMV, HSV-1, HHV-6 and HIV-1, so these metabolites could be promising candidates for COVID-19 treatment. Therefore, the effective large-scale production of natural marine products through synthesis is important for resolving the existing issues associated with chemical isolation, including small yields, and may be necessary to better investigate their biological activities. Herein, we highlight the total synthesized and stereochemical determinations of the cyanobacterial bioactive compounds. Furthermore, this review primarily focuses on the biotechnological applications of cyanobacteria, including applications as cosmetics, food supplements, and the nanobiotechnological applications of cyanobacterial bioactive compounds in potential medicinal applications for various human diseases are discussed.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1940
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman Naseer ◽  
Ants Kallaste ◽  
Bilal Asad ◽  
Toomas Vaimann ◽  
Anton Rassõlkin

This paper presents current research trends and prospects of utilizing additive manufacturing (AM) techniques to manufacture electrical machines. Modern-day machine applications require extraordinary performance parameters such as high power-density, integrated functionalities, improved thermal, mechanical & electromagnetic properties. AM offers a higher degree of design flexibility to achieve these performance parameters, which is impossible to realize through conventional manufacturing techniques. AM has a lot to offer in every aspect of machine fabrication, such that from size/weight reduction to the realization of complex geometric designs. However, some practical limitations of existing AM techniques restrict their utilization in large scale production industry. The introduction of three-dimensional asymmetry in machine design is an aspect that can be exploited most with the prevalent level of research in AM. In order to take one step further towards the enablement of large-scale production of AM-built electrical machines, this paper also discusses some machine types which can best utilize existing developments in the field of AM.


Author(s):  
Yuting Luo ◽  
Zhiyuan Zhang ◽  
Fengning Yang ◽  
Jiong Li ◽  
Zhibo Liu ◽  
...  

Large-scale production of green hydrogen by electrochemical water splitting is considered as a promising technology to address critical energy challenges caused by the extensive use of fossil fuels. Although nonprecious...


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