Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 3-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methyl-2,6-diphenylpiperidin-4-one

A new synthesis of the title compound, C19H21NO2, was developed with good yield and purity using the reaction of 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone, benzaldehyde and ammonium acetate in glacial acetic acid as a solvent. The central piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation, and its least-squares basal plane forms dihedral angles of 85.71 (11) and 77.27 (11)° with the terminal aromatic rings. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by O—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds into double ribbons. The Hirshfeld surface analysis shows that the most important contributions are from H...H (68%), C...H/H...C (19%) and O...H/H...O (12%) interactions.

Synthesis and Exon-Skipping Properties of a 3′-Ursodeoxycholic Acid-Conjugated Oligonucleotide Targeting DMD Pre-mRNA: Pre-Synthetic versus Post-Synthetic Approach

Steric blocking antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) are promising tools for splice modulation such as exon-skipping, although their therapeutic effect may be compromised by insufficient delivery. To address this issue, we investigated the synthesis of a 20-mer 2′-OMe PS oligonucleotide conjugated at 3′-end with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) involved in the targeting of human DMD exon 51, by exploiting both a pre-synthetic and a solution phase approach. The two approaches have been compared. Both strategies successfully provided the desired ASO 51 3′-UDC in good yield and purity. It should be pointed out that the pre-synthetic approach insured better yields and proved to be more cost-effective. The exon skipping efficiency of the conjugated oligonucleotide was evaluated in myogenic cell lines and compared to that of unconjugated one: a better performance was determined for ASO 51 3′-UDC with an average 9.5-fold increase with respect to ASO 51.

Current Perspectives on Chitinolytic Enzymes and Their Agro-Industrial Applications

Chitinases are a large and diversified category of enzymes that break down chitin, the world’s second most prevalent polymer after cellulose. GH18 is the most studied family of chitinases, even though chitinolytic enzymes come from a variety of glycosyl hydrolase (GH) families. Most of the distinct GH families, as well as the unique structural and catalytic features of various chitinolytic enzymes, have been thoroughly explored to demonstrate their use in the development of tailor-made chitinases by protein engineering. Although chitin-degrading enzymes may be found in plants and other organisms, such as arthropods, mollusks, protozoans, and nematodes, microbial chitinases are a promising and sustainable option for industrial production. Despite this, the inducible nature, low titer, high production expenses, and susceptibility to severe environments are barriers to upscaling microbial chitinase production. The goal of this study is to address all of the elements that influence microbial fermentation for chitinase production, as well as the purifying procedures for attaining high-quality yield and purity.

Adducts of Lower Fullerenes and Amino Acids: Synthesis, Identification, and Quantum-Mechanical Modeling of Their Physicochemical Properties

Different ways of synthesizing bis-, tris-, and octakis-adducts of C60 and C70 lower fullerenes are considered, and their yield and purity are described. The adducts are identified by physicochemical means: elemental analysis, IR, electron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, HPLC, mass spectrometry, and complex thermal analysis. Their physicochemical properties are modeled using computers, density functional theory, and molecular dynamics at the atomic-molecular level.

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of novel tetrazoles clubbed with pyrimidine

An attempt was made to synthesize pyrimidine tetrazole derivatives of pharmaceutical interest by oxidative cyclization of chalcones with adequate yield and purity, prompted by the diversity of their wider usage and the fact that they are an integral part of genetic content. The present work involves the reaction of 5-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1H-tetrazole with acetic anhydride to yield 1-[5-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl] ethanone (1) and which then treated with different aromatic aldehydes in presence of alkaline medium to chalcones (2a-f). Reaction of chalcones (2a-f) with urea and thiourea to produce 5-[5-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]-4-(substituted aryl ) pyrimidin-2-ol (3a-f) and 5-[5-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]-4-(substituted aryl) pyrimidin-2-thiol (4a-f) respectively. All compounds were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) to prove the structure and assessed in vitro for their efficacy as antibacterial and antifungal activity against four bacteria. The compounds 3c, 3d and 3f and compounds 4c, 4d and 4f possess very good activity against and E. coli and the compounds 3e, 3c and 3a and compounds 4e,4b and 4c possess very good activity against fungi and .

An Optimised TRIzol-based Protocol for the Improvement of RNA Extraction Yield of Tomato Stem

One of the most common methods for purifying RNA is using TRIzol reagent because of its simplicity and economic feasibility. However, the drawback of this method is frequently the low quality of extracted RNA due to contaminants from the residue of phenol and guanidinium thiocyanate from the reagents. This study aimed to evaluate the improvement in the quality and concentration of RNA after the optimisation treatment. One-month-old tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) stem was used in this research. TRIzol or acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform-based method was given optimisation treatments of the initial sample amount, twice chloroform extraction, overnight precipitation at low temperature, and three times final washing with ethanol. The results showed no significant improvement (p > 0.05) in the purity ratio A260/A280. At the same time, there was a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in RNA yield and purity ratio A260/A230. The quality of RNA was verified using agarose-formaldehyde electrophoresis gel. Eight of nine samples (89%) from the optimised group had better RNA integrity characterised by sharp bands for 28S and 18S rRNA. Furthermore, a representative sample from the optimised group was successfully synthesised into complementary DNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers of the ubiquitin (UBI3) gene. To sum up, optimised TRIzol-based protocol provides meaningful insight to produce RNA with better quality and suitability for downstream applications.

Multi-Objective Optimisation of Biodiesel Synthesis in Simulated Moving Bed Reactor

In this work, multi-objective optimisation study was performed to determine the performance improvement in a simulated moving bed reactor (SMBR) for biodiesel synthesis. The selection of the operating parameters such as switching time, liquid flow rates in various sections, as well as the length and number of columns is not straightforward in an SMBR. In most cases, conflicting requirements and constraints influence the optimal selection of the decision (operating or design) variables. A mathematical model that predicts single-column experimental results well was modified and verified experimentally for multiple-column SMBR system. In this article, a few multi-objective optimisation problems were carried out for both existing set-up as well as at the design stage. A non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) was used as the optimisation tool for the optimisation study. Due to conflicting effect of process parameters, the multi-objective optimisation study resulted in non-dominated Pareto optimal solutions. It was shown that significant increase in yield and purity of biodiesel in SMBR was possible both for operating and at design stage.

DNA Isolation: A Method for Improving the Efficiency of DNA Extraction From Clotted Blood Samples

In generally, the genome research of high DNA extraction from clotted blood produced a low quality. The aim of this study is to develop a simple and safe technique to dispering the blood clots by the ball bearing metal shots. The yield and purity of DNA obtained by three steps were significantly different (P < 0.0001), with a higher yield in the modified salting-out method. The salting-out method is simple, efficient and economical for DNA isolation from old clotted blood samples.

Synthesis of Tert-Octylsalicylaldoxime and Its Application in Extraction of Cu(II)

The alkyl salicylaldoxime has attracted more and more attention recently due to the complex branched alkyl groups. In this study, a novel alkyl salicylaldoxime, tert-octylsalicylaldoxime, was successfully synthesized by the one-pot method. The yield and purity by the elemental analysis were 96.17 and 94.13%, respectively. The structure was confirmed by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), 13C NMR spectroscopy, and MS. Results showed that tert-octylsalicylaldoxime with a new structure exhibited excellent extraction ability and selectivity for Cu(II) and can be successfully used to recover Cu from copper-nickel alloy electroplating wastewater. Thus, this product has the potential to be used as a powerful copper extractant in the future.