Do disparities exist between national food group recommendations and the dietary intakes of contemporary young adults?

Purpose: Eating behaviours were assessed among pregnant women in a mid-sized Canadian city. Methods: As part of the Prenatal Health Project, we interviewed 2313 pregnant women in London, Ontario. Subjects also completed a food frequency questionnaire. Recruitment took place in ultrasound clinics at 10 to 22 weeks of gestation. The main outcome measures were number of daily servings for each food group, measured against the minimum number recommended by the 2007 Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide (CFG), the proportion of women consuming the recommended number of servings for each and all of the four food groups, and factors associated with adequate consumption. We also determined the number of servings of “other foods.” Analysis included descriptive statistics and logistic regression, all at p<0.05. Results: A total of 3.5% of women consumed the recommended number of servings for all four food groups; 15.3% did not consume the minimum number of servings of foods for any of the four food groups. Women for whom this was their first pregnancy were less likely to consume the recommended number of servings from all four food groups (odds ratio=0.41; confidence interval=0.23, 0.74). Conclusions: Very few pregnant women consumed food group servings consistent with the 2007 recommendations. Strategies to improve dietary behaviours must focus on the establishment of healthy eating behaviours among women of reproductive age.

Download Full-text

Underreporting of energy intake among Japanese women aged 18–20 years and its association with reported nutrient and food group intakes

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2004635 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 7 (7) ◽

pp. 911-917 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Hitomi Okubo ◽

Satoshi Sasaki

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Rate ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Basal Metabolic Rate ◽

Food Group ◽

Young Female ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Food Groups ◽

Female Population ◽

Reporting Accuracy ◽

Diet History Questionnaire

AbstractObjectives:To evaluate the ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate (EI/BMR) among young female Japanese adults, and to compare the lifestyle and dietary characteristics between relatively low and high reporters.Design:Dietary intakes were assessed over a 1-month period with a validated, self-administered, diet history questionnaire, and lifestyle variables were assessed by a second questionnaire designed for this survey. The ratio of EI/BMR was calculated from reported energy intake and estimated basal metabolic rate.Subjects:In total, 1889 female Japanese university students aged 18–20 years who were enrolled in dietetics courses.Results:Ninety-five per cent of the subjects were classified into a non-obese group (body mass index (BMI) <25 kg m−2; mean±standard deviation (SD): 20.8±2.6 kg m−2). EI/BMR was 1.43±0.40 (mean±SD). Sixty-eight per cent of the subjects showed an EI/BMR level below the possibly balanced value of 1.56, 37% showed EI/BMR below the minimum survival value of 1.27 and 2% of the subjects showed EI/BMR exceeding the maximum value for a sustainable lifestyle of 2.4. BMI, body weight and BMR decreased significantly with the increase in EI/BMR (P<0.001). The percentage of energy from carbohydrate was significantly higher, whereas those from fat and protein were significantly lower, among the lower EI/BMR groups. As for food groups, a significantly declining trend from the lowest to the highest EI/BMR groups was observed for cereals.Conclusion:Underreporting, rather than overreporting, of energy intake was predominant in this relatively lean Japanese female population. BMI was the most important factor affecting the reporting accuracy of energy intake.

Download Full-text

Energy, Nutrient and Food Intakes of Male Shift Workers Vary According to the Schedule Type but Not the Number of Nights Worked

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12040919 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 919

Author(s):

Sophie Bucher Della Torre ◽

Pascal Wild ◽

Victor Dorribo ◽

Brigitta Danuser ◽

Francesca Amati

Keyword(s):

Eating Habits ◽

Night Shift ◽

Food Group ◽

Pooled Analysis ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Food Groups ◽

Shift Workers ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Schedule Type ◽

Night Shifts

Shift work is associated with increased risk of chronic diseases due to circadian rhythm disruptions and behavioral changes such as in eating habits. Impact of type of shifts and number of night shifts on energy, nutrient and food intake is as yet unknown. Our goal was to analyze shift workers’ dietary intake, eating behavior and eating structure, with respect to frequency of nights worked in a given week and seven schedule types. Eating habits and dietary intakes of 65 male shift workers were analyzed in three steps based on 365 24-h food records: (1) according to the number of nights, (2) in a pooled analysis according to schedule type, and (3) in search of an interaction of the schedule and the timing of intake. Mean nutrient and food group intake during the study period did not depend on the number of nights worked. Amount and distribution of energy intake as well as quality of food, in terms of nutrient and food groups, differed depending on the type of schedule, split night shifts and recovery day (day after night shift) being the most impacted. Shift workers’ qualitative and quantitative dietary intakes varied between different schedules, indicating the need for tailored preventive interventions.

Download Full-text

Change in disparities of dietary quality score (FSAm-NPS) in adolescents and young adults between 2004 and 2014 in Belgium

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665120001019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽

Author(s):

Lucille Desbouys ◽

Manon Rouche ◽

Karin De Ridder ◽

Katia Castetbon

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Age Groups ◽

Food Group ◽

Regional Disparities ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults ◽

Dietary Quality ◽

Weighted Mean ◽

Regional Characteristics ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Index Of Inequality

AbstractIntroductionThe transition from adolescence toward adulthood is a critical period regarding changes in dietary behaviours. Moreover at these ages, socio-economic and regional disparities in food group consumption are observed. The aim of our study was to determine how the nutritional quality of diet, measured by the modified Nutrient Profiling System of the British Food Standards Agency (FSAm-NPS), evolved between 2004 and 2014, according to socio-economic and regional characteristics of adolescents and young adults living in Belgium.Material and methodsTwo non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls were carried out in two nationally-representative samples of 15-to-39-year-old respondents included in the Belgian Food Consumption Surveys in 2004 (n = 1,186) and 2014 (n = 952). Weighting factor (according to age, gender, day of recall, season and province) and sample design were considered. The weighted mean individual FSAm-NPS was computed from all foods and beverages consumed and converted into a scale from 0 (less favourable diet) to 100 (more favourable diet). Slope (SII) and Relative (RII) Index of Inequality were compared between 2004 and 2014 in three age groups (15–18 y, 19–25 y and 26–39 y), adjusting for gender, energy intake, and other socio-economic and regional characteristics.ResultsIn the three age groups, the weighted mean FSAm-NPS significantly increased between 2004 and 2014 (2004: 55.2 (SEM: 0.2) vs. 2014: 57.3 (0.5), p < 0.001 in 15–18-year-olds; 54.9 (0.6) vs. 58.0 (0.4), p < 0.001 in 19–25-year-olds; 56.9 (0.3) vs 58.3 (0.3), p < 0.01 in 26–39-year-olds). While a significant FSAm-NPS gradient was observed according to household education among 15–18- and 26–39-year-olds in 2004 (adjusted SII: 2.56 (95% CI: 1.08–4.04) and 2.73 (0.34–5.12), respectively; RII: 1.05 (1.02–1.08) and 1.05 (1.01–1.09)), no significant difference was found in 2014. Conversely, no significant score disparity was observed according to household type in 2004, but disparities appeared in 2014: index of inequality were significant among subjects aged 19–25 y (SII: 3.89 (0.62–7.17); RII: 1.07 (1.01–1.13)) and 26–39 y (SII: 2.74 (0.31–5.17); RII: 1.05 (1.01–1.09)), the FSAm-NPS being more favourable for those living in two-parent families. The FSAm-NPS was generally higher for subjects living in Flanders than those in Wallonia (significant SII and RII only among 26–39-year-olds), the magnitude of regional disparities remaining stable over time.DiscussionOverall FSAm-NPS improved during this 10-year period, but differentially according to family structure and household education. However, statistical power was weakened by the limited sample size. Additional investigations of changes in food group consumption disparities will complement our interpretations.

Download Full-text

Parenting Styles, Food Parenting Practices and Dietary Intakes of Preschoolers

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13103630 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 3630

Author(s):

Biyi Chen ◽

Kendra Kattelmann ◽

Christopher Comstock ◽

Lacey McCormack ◽

Howard Wey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parenting Styles ◽

Parenting Practices ◽

Autonomy Support ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Food Group ◽

Short Version ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Daycare Centers ◽

Parenting Dimensions ◽

The Relationship

Previous evidence suggests that children’s eating behaviors were largely influenced by the parent and home eating structure. This study examined the relationship between parenting styles (including authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and uninvolved), food parenting practices (within Structure, Coercive Control, and Autonomy Support constructs) and dietary intakes of preschoolers. Children aged 3–5 years and their parents were recruited from preschools/daycare centers and parents completed the surveys (n = 166). Dietary intakes were collected using the Harvard Service Food Frequency Questionnaire (HSFFQ), parenting style was assessed using the Parenting Dimensions Inventory-Short Version (PDI-S), and food parenting practices were measured using Comprehensive Home Environment Survey (CHES). The results showed that food parenting practices had a higher number of specific significant findings on children’s nutrient and food group intakes than parenting styles. Correlation analyses showed positive parenting practices within Structure were significantly related to healthier children’s intakes (e.g., vegetables, iron, and folate) and less unhealthy dietary intakes (e.g., sweets and total fats). Regression models show that children with authoritative parents consumed more fruits compared to children with authoritarian parents and indulgent parents. The results addressed the importance of parental influences for preschoolers’ healthy dietary intakes, which suggested that future interventions and educational programs could enhance parenting practices to impact child diet.

Download Full-text

Consumption of Milk and alternatives decreased among Canadians from 2004 to 2015: evidence from the Canadian community health surveys

BMC Nutrition ◽

10.1186/s40795-021-00465-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hassan Vatanparast ◽

Naorin Islam ◽

Mojtaba Shafiee

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Community Health ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Canadian Community Health Survey ◽

Food Group ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Canadian Population ◽

Nationally Representative

Abstract Background Milk and milk products make important contributions to the diet of Canadians. The aim of this study was to examine trends in Milk & Alternatives consumption among Canadians (≥2 years) from 2004 to 2015. Methods We used nutrition data from 2 nationally representative cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2004 and 2015 [Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2004 Cycle 2.2 and CCHS-Nutrition 2015] to compare Milk & Alternatives consumption between 2004 and 2015. Data from 24-h dietary recalls were collected using the Automated Multiple-Pass Method (AMPM). Result From 2004 to 2015, the proportion of Canadians consuming Milk & Alternatives food group significantly decreased from 89.5 to 87.7% and the number of servings consumed per day dropped from 1.9 to 1.7. Despite their low energy contribution (12.3% of energy), Milk & Alternatives contributed 45.8% of calcium, 39.9% of vitamin D, and 36.0% of vitamin B12 to the diet of the Canadian population in 2015. Milk & Alternatives were among the top sources of vitamin A, phosphorus and riboflavin. Milk & Alternatives food group was a major contributor to saturated fat intake in both 2004 (31.2%) and 2015 (28.6%). In 2015, dietary intakes of calcium and vitamin D among Milk & Alternatives consumers were 137.8, and 59.4% higher, respectively, than those of non-consumers. Conclusion Daily intake of Milk & Alternatives has decreased in the Canadian population over time, which may adversely affect the nutritional profile of the diet.

Download Full-text

Grain Products Are a Top Source of Energy and Nutrients among Nova Scotian Adults Following a Gluten-Free Diet

Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research ◽

10.3148/cjdpr-2020-023 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Jennifer A. Jamieson ◽

Emily Rosta ◽

Laura Gougeon

Keyword(s):

Food Group ◽

Gluten Free Diet ◽

Food Sources ◽

Gluten Free ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Web Based ◽

Nutrient Density ◽

Explanatory Mixed Methods ◽

Grain Products ◽

Nutritional Sciences

To determine the food sources of energy and 13 core nutrients, 89 diet recalls were analyzed from an explanatory mixed-methods pilot study with adults following a gluten-free diet (GFD) for any reason. Nonconsecutive dietary recalls were collected through a web-based, Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour (ASA24®—Canada-2016) Tool. Mean nutrient intakes were compared with Dietary Reference Intakes. Food items (excluding supplements) were extracted and categorized according to the Bureau of Nutritional Sciences Food Group Codes. Percentages of total dietary intakes from food sources were ranked. Grain products were the highest ranked contributor of energy (21.4%), carbohydrate (30.3%), fibre (29.1%), and iron (35.3%). Breakfast cereals, hot cereals, yeast breads, and mixed grain dishes (mainly rice or pasta-based) were the most important nutrient contributors for grains, despite most (64.3%) commercial cereals and breads being unenriched. Legumes and seeds were not frequently consumed. Nutrient density in the GFD could be improved with more emphasis on gluten-free (GF) whole grains, legumes, seeds, and enriched breads and cereals. More research is needed on the nutrient composition of GF foods to identify food sources of folate, other B vitamins, zinc and magnesium—nutrients of concern for those requiring a GFD.

Download Full-text

Examining school-day dietary intakes among Canadian children

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2017-0125 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 42 (10) ◽

pp. 1064-1072 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Claire N. Tugault-Lafleur ◽

Jennifer L. Black ◽

Susan I. Barr

Keyword(s):

Dairy Products ◽

School Context ◽

Canadian Community Health Survey ◽

Food Group ◽

Sociodemographic Factors ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Dietary Practices ◽

School Day ◽

Nationally Representative

Understanding how dietary intakes vary over the course of the school day can help inform targeted school-based interventions, but little is known about the distribution or determinants of school-day dietary intakes in Canada. This study examined differences between school-hour and non–school-hour dietary intakes and assessed demographic and socioeconomic correlates of school-hour diet quality among Canadian children. Nationally representative data from the Canadian Community Health Survey were analyzed using 24-h dietary recalls falling on school days in 2004 (n = 4827). Differences in nutrient and food-group densities during and outside of school hours and differences in School Heathy Eating Index (School-HEI) scores across sociodemographic characteristics were examined using survey-weighted, linear regression models. Children reported consuming, on average, 746 kcal during school hours (one-third of their daily energy intakes). Vitamins A, D, B12, calcium, and dairy products densities were at least 20% lower during school hours compared with non-school hours. Differences in School-HEI scores were poorly explained by sociodemographic factors, although age and province of residence emerged as significant correlates. The school context provides an important opportunity to promote healthy eating, particularly among adolescents who have the poorest school-hour dietary practices. The nutritional profile of foods consumed at school could be potentially improved with increased intake of dairy products, thereby increasing intakes of protein, vitamin A, vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium.

Download Full-text

Canadians’ Dietary Intake from 2007 to 2011 and across Different Sociodemographic/Lifestyle Factors Using the Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycles 1 and 2

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2019/2831969 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zeinab Hosseini ◽

Susan J. Whiting ◽

Hassan Vatanparast

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Food Group ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Food Groups ◽

Milk Products ◽

Objective Health ◽

Health Measures ◽

Canadian Health ◽

Vegetables And Fruits ◽

Canadian Health Measures Survey

Background. Nutrition is an important factor that impacts health, yet in Canada, there have been only a few surveys reflecting dietary intakes. The Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) is a national survey that includes both food intake data as targeted questions and objective health measures. The aim of this research was to determine how food group intake data reported in CHMS is related to food group intakes from Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) (2004). A secondary objective was to examine the dietary status of Canadians across sociodemographic levels. Methods. The CHMS Cycles 1 and 2 food group intake data (meat and alternatives; milk products; grains; vegetables and fruits; dietary fat consumption; and beverages) of Canadians (6–79 years, n=11,387) were descriptively compared to previously reported intake of Canadians from CCHS 2.2 in 2004. Further, Canadians’ food intakes were assessed across sociodemographic characteristics. Results. The CHMS dietary intake data from vegetables and fruits and from milk products groups were similar to the dietary intake reported from CCHS 2.2. For the other food groups, the difference in intakes suggested CHMS data by FFQ were not complete. However, similar patterns in food intakes with regards to age/sex and income were observed in both surveys. Conclusion. Not all food groups measured in CHMS provide complete dietary intake data as compared to CCHS 2.2, yet CHMS food group intakes provide valuable information when it comes to evaluating dietary intake across different population groups.

Download Full-text