The genome of low‐chill Chinese plum ‘Sanyueli’ ( Prunus salicina Lindl.) provides insights into the regulation of the chilling requirement of flower buds

AbstractChinese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) is a stone fruit that belongs to the Prunus genus and plays an important role in the global production of plum. In this study, we report the genome sequence of the Chinese plum ‘Sanyueli’, which is known to have a low-chill requirement for flower bud break. The assembled genome size was 308.06 Mb, with a contig N50 of 815.7 kb. A total of 30,159 protein-coding genes were predicted from the genome and 56.4% (173.39 Mb) of the genome was annotated as repetitive sequence. Bud dormancy is influenced by chilling requirement in plum and partly controlled by DORMANCY ASSOCIATED MADS-box (DAM) genes. Six tandemly arrayed PsDAM genes were identified in the assembled genome. Sequence analysis of PsDAM6 in ‘Sanyueli’revealed the presence of large insertions in the intron and exon regions. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the expression of PsDAM6 in the dormant flower buds of ‘Sanyueli’ was significantly lower than that in the dormant flower buds of the high chill requiring ‘Furongli’ plum. In addition, the expression of PsDAM6 was repressed by chilling treatment. The genome sequence of ‘Sanyueli’ plum provides a valuable resource for elucidating the molecular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of chilling requirements, and is also useful for the identification of the genes involved in the control of other important agronomic traits and molecular breeding in plum.

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Changes in Polyamine Content during Dormancy in Flower Buds of `Anna' Apple

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.119.1.70 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 119 (1) ◽

pp. 70-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Shiow Y. Wang ◽

Miklos Faust

Keyword(s):

Bud Break ◽

Chilling Requirement ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Bud Development ◽

Polyamine Content ◽

Bud Growth

Polyamine, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine contents were determined during endodormancy in the buds of low-chilling-requiring `Anna' apples (Malus domestics Borkh.). Putrescine, spermidine, and spermine contents increased greatly in buds when their chilling requirement was satisfied. Polyamine biosynthetic inhibitors α -difluoromethylarginine (DFMA) or α -difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) reduced bud break and bud growth in concert with decreased polyamine titers. DFMO or DFMA did not inhibit bud break when it was applied to buds after they received the full chilling requirement. DFMO was more inhibitory than DFMA. The polyamine requirement was much higher for bud growth and bud development than during differentiation and bud break.

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The potential of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) in New South Wales. 2. Some factors affecting yield

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9890389 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 389 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

PL Milthorpe ◽

RL Dunstone

Keyword(s):

New South ◽

New South Wales ◽

Frost Damage ◽

High Rate ◽

High Yield ◽

Simmondsia Chinensis ◽

Chilling Requirement ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Opening ◽

South Wales

A jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis [Link] Schneider) stand at Condobolin. N.S.W.. established from a range of plant material, exhibited great variability in a number of plant characteristics including seed yield. Observations over 4 years indicated that a high bud to node ratio is necessary for high yield. Different lines varied from 44 to 74% in this ratio in the fourth year of study. The survival of buds to form open flowers varied greatly between lines and from year to year. Death of flower buds before opening was attributable to frost damage. Buds swelled as early as June in some lines while others showed no sign of swelling until September. In those lines with early swelling or flower opening a high proportion of the buds were frost damaged, whereas late flowering lines had a high rate of survival. Terminal flower buds formed just prior to winter dormancy survived and flowered in the next spring, even in otherwise early flowering lines. Earlier work has shown that jojoba flower buds remain dormant until a chilling requirement has been met. Jojoba lines should have a long chilling requirement to maintain dormancy in the buds until the danger of frosts is past. Almost all of the flowers that opened set fruit, indicating that pollination is not a problem in the New South Wales environment.

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603 Phenology of Flowering and Leafing in Florida Cultivated Blueberries

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.3.501a ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 501A-501

Author(s):

Paul Lyrene

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

High Heat ◽

Chilling Requirement ◽

Flower Buds ◽

High Quality ◽

The Past ◽

Low Humidity ◽

Southern Highbush ◽

Heat Requirement ◽

The Ideal

The best time to harvest fresh blueberries in Florida is 1 April to 15 May. Weather during this period is normally favorable for harvest: low rainfall, low humidity, warm, sunny days, and cool nights, and supplies of fresh blueberries from other producing areas are low. To ripen high-quality blueberries in April, the plants must flower in February and must have a full canopy of leaves to support the developing crop in March and April. Observations of thousands of blueberry seedlings and selections over the past 25 years in Florida have indicated that blooming and leafing time are affected by the chilling requirement and heat requirement of the variety and also by environmental factors. Factors that increase plant vigor (high soil fertility, ample moisture, and young plants) cause the plants to flower earlier in the spring. Flower buds that do not open by 15 Mar. in north Florida frequently abort. The timing and extent of this physiological bud abortion varies with cultivar. Some southern highbush cultivars leaf before they flower. Others flower before they leaf. The ideal blueberry variety for north Florida would have a very low chill requirement, a high heat requirement to prevent January flowering, and a short flowering-to-ripening interval.

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VARIATIONS IN COLD HARDINESS CHARACTERISTICS AMONG PRUNUS SPECIES

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1081c ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1081c-1081

Author(s):

S. Kadir ◽

E. L. Proebsting

Keyword(s):

Cold Hardiness ◽

Xylem Vessel ◽

Chilling Requirement ◽

Prunus Species ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Primordia ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Chill Unit

Flower buds of 20 Prunus species representing 4 subgenera were collected during winter and spring of 1989-90. Buds were preconditioned at +3° or 7°C to test their minimum hardiness level (MHL) or the rate of hardiness increase. DTA revealed that most of the prunus species have flower primordia that supercool. The subgenus Padus have racemose inflorescences and do not deep supercool during dormancy. P. besseyi, P. nigra and P. americana had small exotherms between -22° and -27°C while P. davidiana and P. subhirtella had larger exotherms at higher temperatures. Exposure of flower buds to -7°C shifted LTES to lower temperatures and/or reduced the size of LTE, which became undetectable for many species including P. nigra and P. americana. P. davidiana and P. subhirtella increased hardiness by 6°/day at -7° while dormant. Deacclimation coincided with an increase in LTE50 and the development of xylem vessel elements in the bud axis, calyx and filaments as indicated by dye movenent. P. davidiana was the least hardy species and required only 700 chill units to satisfy the chilling requirement, while P. nigra and P. americana had LTE average of -26°C at MHL and required over 1000 chill unit accumulation.

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Various Freezing Strategies of Flower-bud Hardiness in Prunus

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.119.3.584 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 119 (3) ◽

pp. 584-588 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sorkel A. Kadir ◽

Edward L. Proebsting

Keyword(s):

Prunus Persica ◽

Prunus Dulcis ◽

Prunus Serotina ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Intermediate Group ◽

Prunus Salicina ◽

Moderate Rate ◽

Large Flower ◽

Prunus Davidiana

Flower buds of 20 Prunus species showed quite different strategies to cope with low temperatures. Buds of most species deep supercooled. The two hardiest species, both from the subgenus Padus (P. padus L. and P. virginiana L.), did not supercool and survived -33C with no bud kill. Prunus serotina J.F. Ehrh., also in Padus, did supercool. Prunus nigra Ait., P. americana Marsh, P. fruticosa Pall., and P. besseyi L.H. Bailey had a low minimum hardiness level (MHL), small buds, and a low water content. Exotherms were no longer detectable from the buds of these species after 2 days at -7C and some buds survived -33C. Prunus triloba Lindl. and P. japonica Thunb. were similar to that group, but no buds survived -33C. Prunus davidiana (Carriere) Franch., P. avium L., and P. domestica L. had a relatively high MHL but hardened rapidly when the buds were frozen. Prunus persica (L.) Batsch., P. subhirtella Miq., P. dulcis (Mill) D. A. Webb, and P. emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook) Walp. deep supercooled, had large flower buds and a high MHL, and were killed in the Dec. 1990 freeze. Prunus salicina Lindl., P. hortulana L.H. Bailey, P. armeniaca L., and P. tomentosa Thunb. were in an intermediate group with a moderately low MHL and a moderate rate of hardiness increase while frozen. Prunus dulcis and P. davidiana had a low chilling requirement and bloomed early, whereas P. virginiana, P. fruticosa, P. nigra, and P. domestica had high chilling requirements and bloomed late.

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Relationship between temperature and flowering in almond

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9860399 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 399 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

K Rattigan ◽

SJ Hill

Keyword(s):

Continuous Function ◽

Floral Development ◽

Chilling Requirement ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Daily Minimum ◽

Growing Degree Hours ◽

Chill Unit ◽

Temperature Records ◽

Maximum Temperatures ◽

Climate Station

Records of flowering in 12 almond cultivars over 7 years, together with temperature records from a standard climate station, were used to estimate the chilling requirement for dormancy break in flower buds and the heat sum requirements for floral development in each cultivar. Hourly temperatures were estimated from daily minimum and maximum temperatures. A continuous function relating hourly temperatures to rate of chilling was used to calculate daily chill unit accumulations. Requirements of 220-320 chill units were estimated and calculated heat sum requirements ranged from 5300 to 8900 growing-degree-hours above 4-5�C. These requirements were used to estimate the dates of 50% flowering for 1958-84.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Water in Flower Buds of Blueberry

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.4.339 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 339-341 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Lisa J. Rowland ◽

Dehua Liu ◽

Merle M. Millard ◽

Michael J. Line

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Relaxation Times ◽

Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽

Water Molecules ◽

Chilling Requirement ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Restricted Form ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Dormant and chilled highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) flower buds were examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). T2 relaxation times of water molecules were too short to create images from flowers within buds that were dormant and had received no chilling, but they were sufficiently long to create images from buds that had their chilling requirement satisfied. To explain the change in relaxation times, we concluded that water is present in a motionally restricted form in flowers of dormant blueberry buds and in a freer form in flowers of buds after the chilling requirement has been satisfied. T2 values for chilled blueberry buds indicated that one population of water molecules with a detectable T2 time was present in flowers of chilled buds with a relaxation time of ≈8 to 15 ms.

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