The genetic and environmental architecture of substance use development from early adolescence into young adulthood: a longitudinal twin study of comorbidity of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use

This article examined associations between male-dominated occupations and substance use disorders in young adulthood, accounting for adolescent experiences of work intensity (more than 15 hr a week at 16 to 17 years of age) and substance use (i.e., smoking, heavy drinking, cannabis, and illicit drug use). The moderating effects of biological sex and coming from a family with a low socioeconomic status (SES) were also assessed. Data were from a 10-year prospective study of community-based youth aged 12–18 in 2003 (T1; N = 662; 48% male; Mage = 15.5, SD = 1.9). Their occupations at ages 22–29 were categorized so that higher scores indicated more male-dominated occupations. Young adults in male-dominated occupations (more than 75% males) had lower education, worked in less prestigious occupations, and earned higher hourly wages than those in the other gendered-occupation groups. Work intensity in high school was associated with substance use at ages 18–25 and substance use was also associated with alcohol- and cannabis-use disorder symptoms and illicit drug use in young adulthood (ages 22–29). Adding to these effects, employment in a male-dominated occupation was associated with more cannabis-use disorder symptoms for the low, but not the high SES group. Public health messages need greater focus on preventing substance use disorders among individuals employed in male-dominated jobs in young adulthood. Efforts to promote self-assessment of problematic substance use and motivation to change may be particularly important for young workers.

Download Full-text

Substance Use and Dependence Following Initiation of Alcohol or Illicit Drug Use

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e429732008-001 ◽

2008 ◽

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Drug Use ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Illicit Drug Use

Download Full-text

Sex differences and developmental stability in genetic and environmental influences on psychoactive substance consumption from early adolescence to young adulthood

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s003329171000259x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 41 (9) ◽

pp. 1907-1916 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

J. H. Baker ◽

H. H. Maes ◽

H. Larsson ◽

P. Lichtenstein ◽

K. S. Kendler

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Young Adulthood ◽

Early Adolescence ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Common Factor ◽

Environmental Influences ◽

Genetic Effects ◽

Shared Environment ◽

Males And Females ◽

Substance Consumption

BackgroundGenetic and environmental factors are important in the etiology of substance use. However, little is known about the stability of these factors across development. We aimed to answer three crucial questions about this etiology that have never been addressed in a single study: (1) Is there a general vulnerability to substance consumption from early adolescence to young adulthood? (2) If so, do the genetic and environmental influences on this vulnerability change across development? (3) Do these developmental processes differ in males and females?MethodSubjects included 1480 twin pairs from the Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development who have been followed since 1994. Prospective, self-reported regular smoking, alcohol intoxication and illicit drug use were assessed at ages 13–14, 16–17 and 19–20 years. Structural modeling was performed with the program Mx.ResultsAn underlying common factor accounted for the association between smoking, alcohol and illicit drug consumption for the three age groups. Common genetic and shared environmental effects showed substantial continuity. In general, as participants aged, the influence of the shared environment decreased, and genetic effects became more substance specific in their effect.ConclusionsThe current report answers three important questions in the etiology of substance use. The genetic and environmental risk for substance consumption is partly mediated through a common factor and is partly substance specific. Developmentally, evidence was strongest for stability of common genetic effects, with less evidence for genetic innovation. These processes seem to be the same in males and females.

Download Full-text

Peer and Community Influences on Adolescent Substance Use in the Context of Adverse Childhood Experiences

Sociological Perspectives ◽

10.1177/07311214211018718 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 073112142110187

Author(s):

Haley Stritzel

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Drug Use ◽

Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

Peer Influences ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Community Influences ◽

Adverse Childhood ◽

Peer Substance Use

Both adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and peer influences consistently predict early tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use. However, less research considers how peer and community influences contribute to or modify the association between ACEs and early substance use. This study addresses these gaps in the literature by analyzing multilevel, longitudinal data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN; N = 1,912). Unstructured socializing and peer substance use largely explained the association between ACEs and drinking, smoking cigarettes, and illicit drug use in the past month. A history of ACEs magnified the association between peer substance use and the number of cigarettes smoked. Collective efficacy also shaped the associations between peer influences, ACEs, and substance use, but in different ways depending on the substance use outcome analyzed.

Download Full-text

Impact of Abstinence and of Reducing Illicit Drug Use Without Abstinence on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Load

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciz299 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (5) ◽

pp. 867-874 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Robin M Nance ◽

Maria Esther Perez Trejo ◽

Bridget M Whitney ◽

Joseph A C Delaney ◽

Fredrick L Altice ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Substance Use ◽

Viral Load ◽

Drug Use ◽

Viral Suppression ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

Hiv Viral Load ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Substance use is common among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) and a barrier to achieving viral suppression. Among PLWH who report illicit drug use, we evaluated associations between HIV viral load (VL) and reduced use of illicit opioids, methamphetamine/crystal, cocaine/crack, and marijuana, regardless of whether or not abstinence was achieved. Methods This was a longitudinal cohort study of PLWH from 7 HIV clinics or 4 clinical studies. We used joint longitudinal and survival models to examine the impact of decreasing drug use and of abstinence for each drug on viral suppression. We repeated analyses using linear mixed models to examine associations between change in frequency of drug use and VL. Results The number of PLWH who were using each drug at baseline ranged from n = 568 (illicit opioids) to n = 4272 (marijuana). Abstinence was associated with higher odds of viral suppression (odds ratio [OR], 1.4–2.2) and lower relative VL (ranging from 21% to 42% by drug) for all 4 drug categories. Reducing frequency of illicit opioid or methamphetamine/crystal use without abstinence was associated with VL suppression (OR, 2.2, 1.6, respectively). Reducing frequency of illicit opioid or methamphetamine/crystal use without abstinence was associated with lower relative VL (47%, 38%, respectively). Conclusions Abstinence was associated with viral suppression. In addition, reducing use of illicit opioids or methamphetamine/crystal, even without abstinence, was also associated with viral suppression. Our findings highlight the impact of reducing substance use, even when abstinence is not achieved, and the potential benefits of medications, behavioral interventions, and harm-reduction interventions.

Download Full-text

Do men who have sex with men who report alcohol and illicit drug use before/during sex (chemsex) present moderate/high risk for substance use disorders?

Drug and Alcohol Dependence ◽

10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107908 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 209 ◽

pp. 107908 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Thiago S. Torres ◽

Leonardo S. Bastos ◽

Luciana Kamel ◽

Daniel R.B. Bezerra ◽

Nilo M. Fernandes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

High Risk ◽

Drug Use ◽

Substance Use Disorders ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

Sex With Men

Download Full-text

Risk Factors for Delinquency and Illicit Drug Use from Adolescence to Young Adulthood

Journal of Drug Issues ◽

10.1177/002204268601600104 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 67-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 173

Author(s):

Denise Kandel ◽

Ora Simcha-Fagan ◽

Mark Davies

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

New York ◽

Drug Use ◽

Young Adulthood ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Early Adulthood ◽

New York State ◽

Delinquent Behavior ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

Men And Women

This study examines the interrelationships and predictors of involvement in delinquent activities and illicit drug use over a nine-year interval, from adolescence (age 15–16) to young adulthood (age 24–25) in a cohort representative of adolescents formerly enrolled in grades 10 and 11 in public secondary schools in New York State (N =1,004). Persistence of illicit drug use in this period of the life-cycle is greater than for delinquency and is higher among men than among women. Convergences and divergences in intrapersonal and interpersonal predictors of drug use and delinquency are analyzed. Adult illicit drug use is much better predicted by adolescent illicit drug use, especially among men. Among women, early drug use predicts later delinquent behavior. However, illicit drug use in the period from adolescence to early adulthood selectively predicts adult participation in one type of delinquent behavior, namely theft, among men and women, but has no effect on interpersonal aggression. Different risk factors in adolescence other than drug use predict continued delinquent involvement among men and women. In particular, depression plays an important role for women and family factors for men. Lifestyle factors subsequent to adolescence, especially failure to enter the conventional roles of adulthood, such as marriage and continuous employment, are important predictors of continued illicit drug use in adulthood but not of delinquency. Delinquency among males and illicit drug use among females appear to be subject to common etiological factors and may play similar roles in the lives of young people. Convergence between the findings and results reported by others are discussed.

Download Full-text

Correlates of alcohol and illicit drug use before commercial sex among transgender women with a history of sex work in China

Sexual Health ◽

10.1071/sh18194 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 45 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Qian Wang ◽

Ruijie Chang ◽

Ying Wang ◽

Xueqin Jiang ◽

Shuxian Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Drug Use ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Female Sex Workers ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

Commercial Sex ◽

Female Sex ◽

Alcohol And Drugs ◽

Combined Use

Background Research on substance use among transgender female sex workers in China is scarce. The aims of this study were to examine: (1) the prevalence of alcohol or illicit drug use before commercial sex among this population; and (2) correlates of alcohol and illicit drug use. Methods: Complete survey data were analysed from 397 transgender female sex workers recruited from three of the largest cities in China: Shenyang, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Information was collected about demographics, alcohol or illicit drug use, alone or in combination, and their psychosocial correlates using structured questionnaires. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine the association between substance use and its correlates. Results: Before commercial sex, approximately one-third of the sample reported exclusive alcohol use (28.5%), 9.3% reported exclusive drug use and 7.3% reported combined use of alcohol and drugs. Before commercial sex, participants with low self-esteem had twice the odds of using alcohol exclusively (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.05; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–4.17), those with higher levels of loneliness had almost threefold the odds of exclusive drug use (aOR 2.92; 95% CI 1.21–7.07) and those with depression (aOR 2.97; 95% CI 1.11–7.96) and unknown HIV status (aOR 3.00; 95% CI 1.02–8.87) had threefold the odds of combined use of alcohol and drugs. Conclusion: Programs aimed at reducing alcohol or drug use among transgender female sex workers in China may consider adding components that help support mental health and encouraging HIV screening.

Download Full-text

FRIENDSHIP NETWORKS, INTIMACY, AND ILLICIT DRUG USE IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD: A COMPARISON OF TWO COMPETING THEORIES*

Criminology ◽

10.1111/j.1745-9125.1991.tb01074.x ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 441-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 99

Author(s):

DENISE KANDEL ◽

MARK DAVIES

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

Young Adulthood ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

Friendship Networks

Download Full-text

Smoking Involvement during Adolescence among African Americans and Puerto Ricans: Risks to Psychological and Physical Well-Being in Young Adulthood

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.99.2.421-438 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 99 (2) ◽

pp. 421-438 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Judith S. Brook ◽

Elinor B. Balka ◽

Yuming Ning ◽

Martin Whiteman ◽

Stephen J. Finch

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Drug Use ◽

Physical Health ◽

Young Adulthood ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Puerto Ricans ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

Adolescent Smoking ◽

Late Adolescent ◽

Wide Range

The major aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal association between adolescent smoking involvement and self-reported psychological and physical outcomes in young adulthood. Participants included 333 African Americans and 329 Puerto Ricans who were surveyed in 1990 in their New York City schools and interviewed in 1995 and 2000-2001, primarily in their homes. The psychological outcomes included ego integration, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and interpersonal difficulty. The physical health measures included a general health rating, number of illnesses, and symptoms of ill health. Also, three scales measured problems due to alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drug use. Smoking involvement varied by age, sex, and ethnicity but not by socioeconomic status nor by late adolescent parental status. Analysis showed that the relationships between adolescent smoking involvement and psychological and physical health problems in young adulthood remained significant even with control on demographic factors, earlier levels of the outcome variables, and marijuana use. The relationships between smoking behavior and problems with alcohol, marijuana and other illicit drug use were particularly strong. Thus, adolescent smoking seems to have a wide range of clinical implications for young adulthood.

Download Full-text