scholarly journals Diversity and stability of egg-bacterial assemblages: The role of paternal care in the glassfrogHyalinobatrachium colymbiphyllum

Biotropica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 792-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myra C. Hughey ◽  
Jesse Delia ◽  
Lisa K. Belden
Keyword(s):  
Paternal Care ◽  
Bacterial Assemblages

scholarly journals The Role of Olfactory Genes in the Expression of Rodent Paternal Care Behavior

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasmin L. Rymer
Keyword(s):  
Paternal Care ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Odor Cues ◽  
Laboratory Rodents ◽  
Formyl Peptide ◽  
Parental Aggression ◽  
Olfactory Detection ◽  
Membrane Spanning ◽  
Care Behavior

Olfaction is the dominant sensory modality in rodents, and is crucial for regulating social behaviors, including parental care. Paternal care is rare in rodents, but can have significant consequences for offspring fitness, suggesting a need to understand the factors that regulate its expression. Pup-related odor cues are critical for the onset and maintenance of paternal care. Here, I consider the role of olfaction in the expression of paternal care in rodents. The medial preoptic area shares neural projections with the olfactory and accessory olfactory bulbs, which are responsible for the interpretation of olfactory cues detected by the main olfactory and vomeronasal systems. The olfactory, trace amine, membrane-spanning 4-pass A, vomeronasal 1, vomeronasal 2 and formyl peptide receptors are all involved in olfactory detection. I highlight the roles that 10 olfactory genes play in the expression of direct paternal care behaviors, acknowledging that this list is not exhaustive. Many of these genes modulate parental aggression towards intruders, and facilitate the recognition and discrimination of pups in general. Much of our understanding comes from studies on non-naturally paternal laboratory rodents. Future studies should explore what role these genes play in the regulation and expression of paternal care in naturally biparental species.

scholarly journals Effects of Organic Acids on the Chemotaxis Profiles and Biocontrol Traits of Antagonistic Bacterial Endophytes Against Root-Rot Disease in Panax Notoginseng

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Ma ◽  
Wu-Qin Wang ◽  
Rui Shi ◽  
Xue-Mei Zhang ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fumaric Acid ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Panax Notoginseng ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Response Profiles ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Bacterial Assemblages

Abstract Understanding the role of chemotaxis in ecological interactions between plants and microbes in the rhizosphere is necessary to optimize biocontrol strategies targeting plant soil-borne diseases. Therefore, we examined and profiled the antagonistic endophytic bacteria (AEB) population with chemotaxis potential in the medicinal plant Panax notoginseng using a cheA gene-based approach coupled with 16S rRNA sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the chemotactic AEB (CAEB) community in P. notoginseng enabled the identification of 56 CAEB strains affiliated with 30 species of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria; Actinobacteria, especially Bacillus, were predominant. We then systematically quantified the chemotactic response profiles of CAEB toward five organic acid (OA) attractants: citric acid (CA), fumaric acid (FA), malic acid (MA), oxalic acid (OX), and succinic acid (SA). Further hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the chemotaxis of CAEB to the same attractant exhibited different patterns among not only genera but also species and even strains of the same species. Following chemotaxis and hierarchical analysis, we selected the strongest chemoattractant, fumaric acid (FA), as the target for evaluating the effects of OAs on the representative CAEB strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum YP1. Application of FA significantly stimulated the chemotaxis ability and growth of YP1, and increased the transcript levels of cheA and biocontrol-related genes in YP1. This is the first study to characterise the diversity of chemotaxis profiles toward OAs in natural bacterial assemblages of P. notoginseng and to highlight how FA promotes the biocontrol-related traits of P. notoginseng-associated CAEB.

scholarly journals The evolution of paternal care: a role for microbes?

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1808) ◽  
pp. 20190599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Gurevich ◽  
Ohad Lewin-Epstein ◽  
Lilach Hadany
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Paternal Care ◽  
Genetic Models ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Host Evolution ◽  
Uncertain Paternity ◽  
Limited Accuracy

Paternal care, particularly in cases of uncertain paternity, carries significant costs. Extensive research, both theoretical and experimental, has explored the conditions in which paternal care behaviour would be favoured. Common explanations include an adjustment of care with uncertainty in paternity and limited accuracy in parentage assessment. Here, we propose a new explanation that microbes may play a role in the evolution of paternal care among their hosts. Using computational models, we demonstrate that microbes associated with increased paternal care could be favoured by natural selection. We find that microbe-induced paternal care could evolve under wider conditions than suggested by genetic models. Moreover, we show that microbe-induced paternal care is more likely to evolve when considering paternal care interactions that increase microbial transmission, such as feeding and grooming. Our results imply that factors affecting the composition of host microbiome may also alter paternal behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of the microbiome in host evolution’.

Female mate choice for paternal care behaviour in African striped mice Rhabdomys pumilio: the role of experience

Behaviour ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 147 (9) ◽  
pp. 1101-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neville Pillay ◽  
Tasmin Rymer
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Paternal Care ◽  
Female Mate Choice ◽  
Care Quality ◽  
Care Experience ◽  
Female Mate ◽  
Levels Of Care ◽  
Rhabdomys Pumilio ◽  
Fitness Benefits

AbstractPaternal care is a behavioural characteristic that can be selected for by females. By preferentially mating with 'good' fathers, females may directly increase their own reproductive success and may indirectly increase the prevalence of this trait in their sons. We investigated female mate choice in naturally paternal desert-dwelling African striped mice Rhabdomys pumilio. In two-way choice tests, we presented females with olfactory cues from males differing in levels of paternal care quality, paternal care experience, or mating experience. We predicted that females would prefer: (i) males showing higher levels of care; (ii) paternally experienced over paternally naïve males; and (iii) sexually experienced over sexually naïve males. Females did not distinguish between males of differing paternal care quality or paternal care experience, but maternally experienced females showed a preference for sexually experienced over sexually naïve males. Females may prefer sexually experienced males because these males are able to defend territories for breeding. We conclude that paternal care is selectively advantageous because of its apparent fitness benefits. Nonetheless, our study shows that paternal care has evolved independently of female choice in striped mice, since females did not choose between males of differing paternal care abilities.

THE ROLE OF MONOAMINERGIC SYSTEM GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN AGGRESSION LEVEL IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
YU.D. DAVYDOVA ◽  
◽  
A.V. KAZANTSEVA ◽  
R.F. ENIKEEVA ◽  
M.M. LOBASKOVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Paternal Care ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Aggression Level

Aggressive behavior is an integral part of the human psyche. However, environmental risk factors, mental illness and somatic diseases can cause increased aggression, which represents the biological basis of antisocial behavior in a human society. An important role in the development of aggressive behavior belongs to the hereditary factors, that are probably related to abnormal functioning of neurotransmitter systems in the brain. However, the underlying genetic mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to assess the main effects of monoaminergic systems gene polymorphisms (serotonergic - SLC6A4 , HTR2A , HTR1B, dopaminergic - DRD4 , MAOB ) together with haplotypic and gene-environmental effects on individual differences in aggression level in 642 mentally healthy individuals with sex and ethnicity inclusion as covariates. Aggression level was assessed using the Russian version of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. The genotyping of the SLC6A4 ( 5-HTTLPR and rs1042173 ), HTR2A ( rs7322347 ), HTR1B ( rs13212041 ), DRD4 ( rs1800955 ), MAOB ( rs6651806 ) gene polymorphisms was conducted via polymerase chain reaction (real time and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis). Statistical analysis included multiple linear/logistic regression (PLINK v. 1.9). The correction for multiple testing was conducted by the FDR procedure (False Discovery Rate). Statistical analysis revealed the association of SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR S -allele with an increased aggression level in men (pFDR = 0.022) and in Udmurts (pFDR = 0.009). In addition, we revealed that paternal care significantly affected association of SLC6A4 rs1042173 and aggression level (p = 0.001). The study demonstrated environmental, genderand ethnicity-specific role of the SLC6A4 gene in individual differences in aggression level in mentally healthy individuals.

The Expression and Possible Origins of Depression in Male Adolescent Delinquents

1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Howard
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Paternal Care ◽  
Adolescent Male ◽  
Male Adolescent ◽  
Training School ◽  
Delinquent Behaviour ◽  
Male Offenders ◽  
High Trait

The literature on adolescent delinquent behaviour and psychopathy contains the view that much of the delinquent behaviour is masking a depressive underlay, and that psychopaths may be in a chronic state of helplessness which they defend against through their anti-social behaviour. The current study examined the levels of trait depression in two groups of adolescent male offenders in a state training school. The group classified as anti-social personalities showed higher levels of trait depression than a group of first committals. The role of a perceived lack of paternal care, and, to a lesser extent, maternal over-protection emerged as the main variables explaining the variance in the trait depression scores. The quality of parental care appeared more important than continuity, with perceived affectionless control being significantly related to high trait depression scores. The importance of the mother in the development of persistent anti-social behaviour was highlighted as was the role of the father in relation to trait depression and overall delinquent development.

Influence of zinc on bacterial populations and their proteolytic enzyme activities in freshwater environments: a cross-site comparison

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Rasmussen ◽  
Ola A. Olapade
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Proteolytic Enzyme ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzyme ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Bacterial Assemblages ◽  
Role Of Zn ◽  
Freshwater Environments

Temporal responses of indigenous bacterial populations and proteolytic enzyme (i.e., aminopeptidase) activities in the bacterioplankton assemblages from 3 separate freshwater environments were examined after exposure to various zinc (Zn) concentrations under controlled microcosm conditions. Zn concentrations (ranging from 0 to 10 μmol/L) were added to water samples collected from the Kalamazoo River, Rice Creek, and Huron River and examined for bacterial abundance and aminopeptidase activities at various time intervals over a 48 h incubation period in the dark. The results showed that the Zn concentrations did not significantly influence total bacterial counts directly; however, aminopeptidase activities varied significantly to increasing zinc treatments over time. Also, analysis of variance and linear regression analyses revealed significant positive relationships between bacterial numbers and their hydrolytic enzyme activities, suggesting that both probably co-vary with increasing Zn concentrations in aquatic systems. The results from this study serve as additional evidence of the ecological role of Zn as an extracellular peptidase cofactor on the dynamics of bacterial assemblages in aquatic environments.

scholarly journals Why men invest in non-biological offspring: paternal care and paternity confidence among Himba pastoralists

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1922) ◽  
pp. 20192890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Prall ◽  
Brooke A. Scelza
Keyword(s):  
Paternal Care ◽  
Investment Decisions ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Paternal Investment ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Social Predictors ◽  
Paternity Uncertainty ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Expected Fitness

Paternal investment is predicted to be a facultative calculation based on expected fitness returns and modulated by a host of social predictors including paternity uncertainty. However, the direct role of paternity confidence on the patterns of paternal investment is relatively unknown, in part due to a lack of research in populations with high levels of paternity uncertainty. Additionally, much of the work on paternity certainty uses cues of paternity confidence rather than direct assessments from fathers. We examine the effect of paternity assertions on the multiple measures of paternal investment in Himba pastoralists. Despite a high degree of paternity uncertainty, Himba have strong norms associated with social fatherhood, with men expected to invest equally in biological and non-biological offspring. Our behavioural data show patterns that largely conform to these norms. For domains of investment that are highly visible to the community, such as brideprice payments, we find no evidence of investment biased by paternity confidence. However, more private investment decisions do show some evidence of sex-specific titration. We discuss these results in light of broader considerations about paternal care and the mating–parenting trade-off.

scholarly journals Acute peaks of testosterone suppress paternal care: evidence from individual hormonal reaction norms

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1857) ◽  
pp. 20170632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Goymann ◽  
Pamela Flores Dávila
Keyword(s):  
Paternal Care ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Reaction Norm ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Hormonal Reaction ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Time

A long-standing tenet of evolutionary endocrinology states that testosterone mediates the life-history trade-off between mating and paternal care. However, the support for a role of testosterone in suppressing paternal care is mixed: implantation studies in birds suggest that high-level testosterone implants suppress paternal care, but circulating levels of testosterone and paternal care are typically not correlated. Because any trade-off in real life must be realized with hormone levels that are within an individual's reaction norm, it is crucial to show that natural changes in the hormone can modulate behaviour. Here, we used GnRH-injections to alter testosterone levels of free-living male black redstarts within each individual's hormonal reaction norm: individuals experiencing a short-term peak in testosterone resumed feeding their offspring later and showed a stronger suppression of offspring-feeding behaviour than control males. For the first time, this study demonstrated that short-term peaks in testosterone within the hormonal reaction norm of individuals can suppress paternal behaviour. Our findings reconcile previous seemingly contradictive effects that testosterone implants had on paternal care and the absence of correlations between circulating testosterone levels and paternal care, and demonstrate that the differential production of testosterone within the hormonal reaction norm of single individuals can indeed function as a mechanism to mediate a potential trade-off between mating and parenting. On a broader note, our results suggest that natural and short peaks in testosterone can elicit adaptive behavioural changes.

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