Sex differences in cerebral palsy on neuromotor outcome: a critical review

Background and Objectives: Late preterm (LP) infants (born between 34 and 36 weeks of gestational age) are considered at higher risk of neonatal morbidities, mortality, and neurological impairments than full-term born infants (FT). The aim of this study was to provide a critical review of the literature outlining the different aspects of neurological function reported both in the neonatal period and in the follow up of late preterm infants. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search of the MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL electronic databases was made, using the following search terms: ‘Late preterm infants’, ‘Near term infants’, ‘neurological assessment’, ‘neurological outcome’, ‘neuromotor outcome’, cerebral palsy’, ‘CP’, ‘motor impairment’, including all the studies reporting clinical neurological assessment of LP (including both neonatal period and subsequent ages). Results: A total of 35 articles, comprising 301,495 children, were included as fulfilling the inclusion criteria: ten reported neonatal neurological findings, seven reported data about the first two years after birth, eighteen reported data about incidence of CP and motor disorder during the infancy. Results showed a more immature neurological profile, explored with structured neurological assessments, in LP infants compared with FT infants. The LP population also had a higher risk of developing cerebral palsy, motor delay, and coordination disorder. Conclusion: LP had a higher risk of neurological impairments than FT infants, due to a brain immaturity and an increased vulnerability to injury, as the last weeks of gestational age are crucial for the development of the brain.

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Sex Differences in Trauma-Related Psychopathology: a Critical Review of Neuroimaging Literature (2014–2017)

Current Psychiatry Reports ◽

10.1007/s11920-017-0854-y ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (12) ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Liat Helpman ◽

Xi Zhu ◽

Benjamin Suarez-Jimenez ◽

Amit Lazarov ◽

Catherine Monk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Critical Review

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Parental Warmth and Hostility as Related to Sex Differences in Children's Achievement Orientation

Psychology of Women Quarterly ◽

10.1111/j.1471-6402.1977.tb00551.x ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 229-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Rebecca Oxford Manley

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Critical Review ◽

Future Research ◽

Parental Warmth ◽

Achievement Orientation ◽

Research Directions ◽

Children's Achievement ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

This article is a critical review of studies concerning the relationship of parental warmth and hostility to sex-related differences in children's achievement orientation. Parental warmth seemed to operate differently upon girls' and boys' achievement orientation in most of the studies cited. Moderate but not high maternal warmth and even slight hostility were related to strong achievement∗ orientation in girls, while high maternal nurturance and affection were associated with strong achievement orientation in boys. However, the article warns against assuming a simple causal relationship between parental warmth and sex-related differences in children's achievement orientation. Achievement theories, two main parental dimensions, and future research directions are also discussed.

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The effectiveness of horse riding therapy by children with cerebral palsy - critical review of the literature

Biomechanica Hungarica ◽

10.17489/biohun/2016/1/05 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 17-29

Author(s):

Judit Pálinkás

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Critical Review ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Horse Riding ◽

Children With Cerebral Palsy

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Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Markers and BDNF between Cerebral Palsy and Mild Cognitive Impairment

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igab046.3731 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 1055-1055

Author(s):

Kheng Siang (Ted) Ng ◽

James Carollo ◽

Alex Tagawa ◽

Zhaoxing Pan ◽

Patricia Heyn

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽

Healthy Aging ◽

Accelerated Aging ◽

Intermediate Stage ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Adults with cerebral palsy (CP) have higher risk of developing geriatric syndromes. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an intermediate stage between healthy aging and dementia, often co-morbid with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We recently showed an “accelerated aging model”, where CP shares similar CVD risk factors with MCI, potentially accounting for CP’s increased risk of dementia. In this study, we further examined sex differences between CP and MCI (aim 1) and within CP (aim 2). From an accredited clinical motion analysis laboratory at Children’s Hospital Colorado (CP) and a university in Singapore (MCI), we recruited 72 adults with CP [mean (SD) of age=20 (5.3), Sex: men=47.2% and women=52.8%] and MCI [mean (SD) of age=71.28 (6.03), Sex: men=29.2% and women=70.8%]. We analyzed blood Pressure (BP), Framingham Heart Study Score (FHSS), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Compared to MCI, women with CP had lower BDNF (β=-3.550, 95% CI=-5.659 to -1.441, p=0.001), while men with CP had lower diastolic BP (β=-28.204, 95% CI=-52.148 to -4.260, p=0.022). Both women and men with CP also had lower FHSS, compared to MCI (β=-2.515, 95% CI=-3.721 to -1.309, p<0.001; β=-3.724, 95% CI=-5.561 to -1.888, p<0.001, respectively). Women in the CP cohort showed lower FHSS (β=-0.172, 95% CI=-0.310 to -0.033, p=0.016). We found sex-related differences in BDNF and CVD markers. Comparing across and within cohorts, although having lower BDNF levels, women with CP had better FHSS. These findings support our accelerated aging hypothesis, and further suggest sex differences in aging-related risk factors in CP, supporting sex-related precision medicine approach.

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