Determinants of households’ food insecurity with severity dimensions in Pakistan: Varying estimates using partial proportional odds model

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 1698-1709
Author(s):  
Muhammad Akbar ◽  
Rizwan Niaz ◽  
Muhammad Amjad
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Partial Proportional Odds Model

scholarly journals Examining partial proportional odds model in analyzing severity of high-speed railway accident

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Yinghan Wang ◽  
Yichuan Peng ◽  
Jian John Lu
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
High Speed Railway ◽  
Severity Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Partial Proportional Odds Model ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The operation safety of the high-speed railway has been widely concerned. Due to the joint influence of the environment, equipment, personnel and other factors, accidents are inevitable in the operation process. However, few studies focused on identifying contributing factors affecting the severity of high-speed railway accidents because of the difficulty in obtaining field data. This study aims to investigate the impact factors affecting the severity of the general high-speed railway. Design/methodology/approach A total of 14 potential factors were examined from 475 data. The severity level is categorized into four levels by delay time and the number of subsequent trains that are affected by the accident. The partial proportional odds model was constructed to relax the constraint of the parallel line assumption. Findings The results show that 10 factors are found to significantly affect accident severity. Moreover, the factors including automation train protection (ATP) system fault, platform screen door and train door fault, traction converter fault and railway clearance intrusion by objects have an effect on reducing the severity level. On the contrary, the accidents caused by objects hanging on the catenary, pantograph fault, passenger misconducting or sudden illness, personnel intrusion of railway clearance, driving on heavy rain or snow and train collision against objects tend to be more severe. Originality/value The research results are very useful for mitigating the consequences of high-speed rail accidents.

scholarly journals Analysis Of Risk for Class Shifting And Determinants of BPJS Kesehatan Membership Using Generalized Ordered Logit-Unconstrained Partial Proportional Odds Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siskarossa Ika Oktora ◽  
Ika Yuni Wulansari ◽  
Geri Yesa Ermawan
Keyword(s):  
Lower Class ◽  
Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Ordered Logit ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Medical Benefits ◽  
Partial Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Generalized Ordered Logit ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Premium Contributions

Abstract The main source of funding of BPJS Kesehatan comes from the different premium class in which the participant registered. The medical benefits among classes are equivalent, except inpatient facilities. But when the improvement health degree is not linear with the incurred costs, problem would arise. This study aims to analyze class shifting and determinants of BPJS Kesehatan mem- bership. Around 1.53 percent of participants access higher classes, while 5.62 percent access lower classes. Class III participants with inpatient status severity level 2 and 3, reaching 41% and 43%, respectively. In addition, 60% of non-PBI participants are Class II premium participants; most of them are male, productive age, and workers. This research using Generalized Ordered Log- it-Unconstrained Partial Proportional Odds Model concludes that participants who are married tend to choose higher premium class. Whereas productive age participants and a worker is in the lower premium class. The recommendation is the evaluation of membership based on class premium contributions considering potential participants (productive age and workers) who tend should be conducted in a lower class. Although mutual assistance is the principle of National Health Insurance, specific mechanisms should be established to examine the relation of age and health status to each participant regarding the difference in the registered class, besides their economic factors. Abstrak Pendanaan utama BPJS Kesehatan adalah iuran peserta yang besarnya tergantung dari kelas premi yang didaftarkan peser- ta. Manfaat medis setiap kelas adalah setara kecuali fasilitas ruang inap. Di sisi lain, hal ini dapat menimbulkan permasalahan ketika derajat kesehatan tidak linier dengan biaya yang seharusnya dikeluarkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat per- bedaan antara kelas premi saat peserta mengakses pelayanan kesehatan dengan kelas premi yang didaftarkan. Ditemukan 1,53 persen peserta mengakses kelas lebih tinggi dibanding kelas yang terdaftar, dan 5,62 persen peserta yang mengakses kelas lebih rendah dibanding kelas yang terdaftar. Berdasarkan tingkat keparahan saat menjalani rawat inap, diketahui bah- wa peserta kelas III dengan status rawat inap tingkat keparahan 3 (berat) dan 2 (sedang) masing-masing mencapai 41% dan 43%. Selain itu hampir 60 persen peserta yang membayar iuran sesuai dengan ketentuan yang ditetapkan (non PBI) adalah peserta iuran premi Kelas II yang sebagian besar merupakan peserta laki-laki, berusia produktif, dan berstatus sebagai pekerja. Hasil analisis dengan metode Generalized Ordered Logit-Unconstrained Partial Proportional Odds Model disimpulkan bahwa peserta berstatus kawin cenderung berada pada kelas premi yang lebih tinggi. Sedangkan peserta usia produktif serta peserta dengan status pekerja cenderung berada pada kelas premi yang lebih rendah. Rekomendasi yang diberikan adalah evaluasi kepesertaan berdasarkan iuran premi kelas dapat dilakukan kembali mengingat peserta potensial (usia produktif dan berstatus sebagai pekerja) cenderung berada pada kelas yang lebih rendah. Selain itu meskipun asas gotong royong menjadi prinsip pelaksanaan Program JKN, namun sebaiknya dapat dibuat mekanisme tertentu agar dapat dicermati terkait dengan faktor usia dan derajad kesehatan peserta terhadap perbedaan kelas premi peserta yang didaftarkan tanpa mengabaikan kemampuan ekonomi yang bersangkutan.

scholarly journals Modeling Differential Effects of Maternal Dietary Patterns across Severity Levels of Preterm Birth Using a Partial Proportional Odds Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aweke A. Mitku ◽  
Temesgen Zewotir ◽  
Delia North ◽  
Prakash Jeena ◽  
Rajen N. Naidoo
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Partial Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Severity Levels

scholarly journals The Association Between Multimorbidity and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Clients Attending Chronic Outpatient Medical Care in Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia: The Application of Partial Proportional Odds Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fantu Abebe Eyowas ◽  
Marguerite Schneider ◽  
Shitaye Alemu ◽  
Sanghamitra Pati ◽  
Fentie Ambaw Getahun
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Bahir Dar ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Partial Proportional Odds Model

Abstract Background Multimorbidity, the presence of two or more chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in a given person affects all aspects of individuals’ lives. Poor quality of life (QoL) is one of the major consequences of living with multimorbidity. Although healthcare aims to support multimorbid individuals to achieve better quality of life, little is known about the effect of multimorbidity on quality of life of patients attending chronic outpatient medical care in Ethiopia. Objectives This study aimed to determine the association between multimorbidity and quality of life among clients attending chronic outpatient medical care in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A multi-centered facility-based study was conducted among 1440 participants aged 40+ years attending chronic outpatient medical care. Two complementary methods (interview and review of medical records) were employed to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics and presence of chronic diseases. We used the short form (SF-12 V2) instrument to measure quality of life. The data were analyzed by STATA V.16 and multivariate partial proportional odds model was fitted to identify covariates associated with quality of life, adjusting for relevant confounding factors. Statistical significance was considered at p-value <0.05.Results Multimorbidity was identified in 54.8% (95% CI=52.2%-57.4%) of the sample. A significant proportion (33.5%) of the study participants had poor quality of life and one fourth (25.8%) of them had moderate quality of life. Advanced age and living with multimorbidity were associated with poor quality of life. Conversely, being female, strong social support, high socioeconomic status, and adequate functioning and satisfaction with care were the variables positively associated with higher categories of quality of life.Conclusion The magnitude of multimorbidity in this study was high and individuals living with multimorbidity had a relatively poor quality of life than those without multimorbidity. Care of people with chronic multiple conditions may need to be oriented to the realities in multimorbidity burden and its implication on quality of life. Interventions targeting modifiable associated factors and studies exploring the longitudinal effect of multimorbidity on quality of life are needed.

scholarly journals Determinants of Under-nutrition among Children under Five Years of Age in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gashu Workneh Kassie ◽  
Demeke Lakew Workie
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Anthropometric Indices ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Partial Proportional Odds Model

Abstract Background: Ethiopia is one of the developing countries where child under-nutrition is prevalent. Prior studies employed three anthropometric indicators for identifying factors of children’s under-nutrition. This study aimed at identifying factors of child under-nutrition using a single composite index of anthropometric indicator. Methods: Data from Ethiopia’s Demographic and Health Survey 2016 was the base for studying under-nutrition in a sample of 9494 children below 59 months. A single composite index of under-nutrition was created from three anthropometric indices through principal component analysis recoded into an ordinal outcome. In line with WHO 2006 Child Growth Standards, the three anthropometric indices involve z-score of height-for-age (stunting), weight-for-height (wasting) and weight-for-age (underweight). To identify significant determinants of under-nutrition , partial proportional odds model was fitted and its relative performance compared with some other ordinal regression models. Results: The single composite index of anthropometric indicators showed that 49.0% (19.8% moderately and 29.2% severely) of sampled children were undernourished. In the Brant-test of proportional odds model, the null hypothesis that the model parameters equal across categories was rejected. Compared to ordinal regression models that do not involve parallel regression assumption, and Akaike information criterion, partial proportional odds model showed an improved fit. A child with mother of body mass index less than 18.5 kg, from poorest family, a husband without education and male to be in a severe under-nutrition status was 1.4, 1.8 1.2 and 1.2 times more likely to be in worse under-nutrition status compared to its reference group respectively. Conclusion: The authors conclude that the fitted partial proportional odds model indicated that age and sex of the child, maternal education, region, source of drinking water, number of under five children, mother’s body mass index, wealth index, anemic status, multiple birth, fever before two months of survey, mother’s age at first birth, and husband’s education were significantly associated with child under-nutrition. Thus, it is argued that interventions focus on improving household wealth index, food security, educating mothers and their spouses, improving maternal nutritional status, and increasing mothers’ health care access.

scholarly journals Determinants of Undernutrition among Children under Five Years of Age in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gashu Workneh Kassie ◽  
Demeke Lakew Workie
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Anthropometric Indicators ◽  
Partial Proportional Odds Model

Abstract Background: Child undernutrition is still a persistent health problem in developing country like Ethiopia. Several cross-sectional studies have used the three anthropometric indicators separately to identify the factors associated to undernutrition of children. This study aimed at identifying the factors associated with undernutrition of children using a single composite index of anthropometric indicators. Methods: Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey of 2016 was used for the analysis. A single composite index of undernutrition indicators was created using principal component analysis and recode into ordinal outcome. For this ordinal outcome, partial proportional odds model was fitted to identify significant determinants of undernutrition and its relative performance was compared with some other ordinal regression models. Results and conclusion: The Brant test of proportional odds model indicated that the null hypothesis that states the model parameters are equal across categories was rejected. Based on Akaike information criterion, partial proportional odds model suggested an improved fit compared to ordinal regression models that do not need parallel regression assumption. Hence, the fitted partial proportional odds model revealed child’s age, maternal education, region, source of drinking water, number of children under five years, wealth index, anemic status of child, multiple birth, child’s sex, fever, mother’s age at birth, body mass index of mother and husband’s education were significantly associated with children undernutrition. Finally, authors recommend that responsible bodies take interventions on improving household wealth index and food security, educating mothers and their partners, improving maternal nutritional status, and increase access to health care Keywords: Stunting; underweight; wasting; partial proportional odds model

scholarly journals Determinants of Undernutrition among Children under Five Years of Age in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gashu Workneh Kassie ◽  
Demeke Lakew Workie
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Anthropometric Indices ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Anthropometric Indicators ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Partial Proportional Odds Model

Abstract Background: Ethiopia is one of the developing countries where child under-nutrition is prevalent. Prior studies employed three anthropometric indicators for identifying factors of children’s under-nutrition. This study aimed at identifying the factors of child under-nutrition using a single composite index of anthropometric indicators. Methods: Data from Ethiopia’s Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016 was the base for studying under-nutrition in a sample of 9494 children below 59 months. A single composite index of under-nutrition was created from three anthropometric indices through principal component analysis recoded into an ordinal outcome. In line with Child Growth Standards (WHO, 2006), the three anthropometric indices involve z-score of height-for-age (stunting), weight-for-height (wasting) and weight-for-age (underweight). To identify significant determinants of under-nutrition, partial proportional odds model was fitted and its relative performance compared with some other ordinal regression models. Results and conclusion: In the Brant test of proportional odds model, the null hypothesis that the model parameters were equal across categories was rejected. Compared to ordinal regression models that do not involve parallel regression assumption, and Akaike information criterion, partial proportional odds model showed an improved fit. The fitted partial proportional odds model indicated that age and sex of the child, maternal education, region, source of drinking water, number of under five children, mother’s body mass index, wealth index, anaemic status, multiple birth, fever, mother’s age at birth, and husband’s education significantly associated with child under-nutrition. It is argued that interventions focus on improving household wealth index, food security, educating mothers and their spouses, improving maternal nutritional status, and increasing mothers’ health care access. Keywords: Stunting; underweight; wasting; partial proportional odds model

Exploring the police use of force continuum with a partial proportional odds model

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae-Young Kim ◽  
Scott W. Phillips ◽  
Stephen A. Bishopp
Keyword(s):  
Use Of Force ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chemical Spray ◽  
Partial Proportional Odds Model

PurposeThe present study examines a range of police force on the continuum (firearms, TASER/chemical spray and physical force) to see whether they are associated with individual (subject and officer), situational and/or neighborhood factors.Design/methodology/approachA partial proportional odds model is used to analyze police use of force data from 2003 to 2016 in Dallas. Independent variables are allowed for varying effects across the different cumulative dichotomizations of the dependent variable (firearms vs TASER/chemical spray and physical force and firearms and TASER/chemical spray vs physical force).FindingsMost officer demographic and situational factors are consistently significant across the cumulative dichotomizations of police force. In addition, suspect race/ethnicity (Hispanic) and violent crime rates play significant roles when officers make decisions to use firearms, as opposed to TASER/chemical spray and physical force. Overall, situational variables (subject gun possession and contact types) play greater roles than other variables in affecting police use of force.Originality/valueDespite the large body of police use of force research, little to no research has used the partial proportional odds model to examine the ordinal nature of police force from physical to intermediate to deadly force. The current findings can provide important implications for policy and research.

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