Exploring the police use of force continuum with a partial proportional odds model

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae-Young Kim ◽  
Scott W. Phillips ◽  
Stephen A. Bishopp
Keyword(s):  
Use Of Force ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chemical Spray ◽  
Partial Proportional Odds Model

PurposeThe present study examines a range of police force on the continuum (firearms, TASER/chemical spray and physical force) to see whether they are associated with individual (subject and officer), situational and/or neighborhood factors.Design/methodology/approachA partial proportional odds model is used to analyze police use of force data from 2003 to 2016 in Dallas. Independent variables are allowed for varying effects across the different cumulative dichotomizations of the dependent variable (firearms vs TASER/chemical spray and physical force and firearms and TASER/chemical spray vs physical force).FindingsMost officer demographic and situational factors are consistently significant across the cumulative dichotomizations of police force. In addition, suspect race/ethnicity (Hispanic) and violent crime rates play significant roles when officers make decisions to use firearms, as opposed to TASER/chemical spray and physical force. Overall, situational variables (subject gun possession and contact types) play greater roles than other variables in affecting police use of force.Originality/valueDespite the large body of police use of force research, little to no research has used the partial proportional odds model to examine the ordinal nature of police force from physical to intermediate to deadly force. The current findings can provide important implications for policy and research.

scholarly journals Examining partial proportional odds model in analyzing severity of high-speed railway accident

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Yinghan Wang ◽  
Yichuan Peng ◽  
Jian John Lu
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
High Speed Railway ◽  
Severity Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Partial Proportional Odds Model ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The operation safety of the high-speed railway has been widely concerned. Due to the joint influence of the environment, equipment, personnel and other factors, accidents are inevitable in the operation process. However, few studies focused on identifying contributing factors affecting the severity of high-speed railway accidents because of the difficulty in obtaining field data. This study aims to investigate the impact factors affecting the severity of the general high-speed railway. Design/methodology/approach A total of 14 potential factors were examined from 475 data. The severity level is categorized into four levels by delay time and the number of subsequent trains that are affected by the accident. The partial proportional odds model was constructed to relax the constraint of the parallel line assumption. Findings The results show that 10 factors are found to significantly affect accident severity. Moreover, the factors including automation train protection (ATP) system fault, platform screen door and train door fault, traction converter fault and railway clearance intrusion by objects have an effect on reducing the severity level. On the contrary, the accidents caused by objects hanging on the catenary, pantograph fault, passenger misconducting or sudden illness, personnel intrusion of railway clearance, driving on heavy rain or snow and train collision against objects tend to be more severe. Originality/value The research results are very useful for mitigating the consequences of high-speed rail accidents.

Challenging the Ordinality of Police Use-of-Force Policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 088740342110383
Author(s):  
Scott M. Mourtgos ◽  
Ian T. Adams ◽  
Samuel R. Baty
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Police Department ◽  
The United States ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Lethal Force ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Municipal Police ◽  
Force Data

Most use-of-force policies utilized by U.S. police agencies make fundamental ordinal assumptions about officers’ force responses to subject resistance. These policies consist of varying levels of force and resistance along an ordinally ranked continuum of severity. We empirically tested the ordinal assumptions that are ubiquitous to police use-of-force continua within the United States using 1 year’s use-of-force data from a municipal police department. Applying a quantitative technique known as categorical regression with optimal scaling, we found the assumptions of ordinality within the studied department’s use-of-force continuum (which is similar to many police use-of-force continua within the United States) are not met. Specifying physical force as a “lower” force option than less-lethal tools is associated with increased officer injury and decreased subject injury. Our findings call into question use-of-force continua featuring ordinal rankings for varying categories of less-lethal force.

scholarly journals Analysis Of Risk for Class Shifting And Determinants of BPJS Kesehatan Membership Using Generalized Ordered Logit-Unconstrained Partial Proportional Odds Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siskarossa Ika Oktora ◽  
Ika Yuni Wulansari ◽  
Geri Yesa Ermawan
Keyword(s):  
Lower Class ◽  
Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Ordered Logit ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Medical Benefits ◽  
Partial Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Generalized Ordered Logit ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Premium Contributions

Abstract The main source of funding of BPJS Kesehatan comes from the different premium class in which the participant registered. The medical benefits among classes are equivalent, except inpatient facilities. But when the improvement health degree is not linear with the incurred costs, problem would arise. This study aims to analyze class shifting and determinants of BPJS Kesehatan mem- bership. Around 1.53 percent of participants access higher classes, while 5.62 percent access lower classes. Class III participants with inpatient status severity level 2 and 3, reaching 41% and 43%, respectively. In addition, 60% of non-PBI participants are Class II premium participants; most of them are male, productive age, and workers. This research using Generalized Ordered Log- it-Unconstrained Partial Proportional Odds Model concludes that participants who are married tend to choose higher premium class. Whereas productive age participants and a worker is in the lower premium class. The recommendation is the evaluation of membership based on class premium contributions considering potential participants (productive age and workers) who tend should be conducted in a lower class. Although mutual assistance is the principle of National Health Insurance, specific mechanisms should be established to examine the relation of age and health status to each participant regarding the difference in the registered class, besides their economic factors. Abstrak Pendanaan utama BPJS Kesehatan adalah iuran peserta yang besarnya tergantung dari kelas premi yang didaftarkan peser- ta. Manfaat medis setiap kelas adalah setara kecuali fasilitas ruang inap. Di sisi lain, hal ini dapat menimbulkan permasalahan ketika derajat kesehatan tidak linier dengan biaya yang seharusnya dikeluarkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat per- bedaan antara kelas premi saat peserta mengakses pelayanan kesehatan dengan kelas premi yang didaftarkan. Ditemukan 1,53 persen peserta mengakses kelas lebih tinggi dibanding kelas yang terdaftar, dan 5,62 persen peserta yang mengakses kelas lebih rendah dibanding kelas yang terdaftar. Berdasarkan tingkat keparahan saat menjalani rawat inap, diketahui bah- wa peserta kelas III dengan status rawat inap tingkat keparahan 3 (berat) dan 2 (sedang) masing-masing mencapai 41% dan 43%. Selain itu hampir 60 persen peserta yang membayar iuran sesuai dengan ketentuan yang ditetapkan (non PBI) adalah peserta iuran premi Kelas II yang sebagian besar merupakan peserta laki-laki, berusia produktif, dan berstatus sebagai pekerja. Hasil analisis dengan metode Generalized Ordered Logit-Unconstrained Partial Proportional Odds Model disimpulkan bahwa peserta berstatus kawin cenderung berada pada kelas premi yang lebih tinggi. Sedangkan peserta usia produktif serta peserta dengan status pekerja cenderung berada pada kelas premi yang lebih rendah. Rekomendasi yang diberikan adalah evaluasi kepesertaan berdasarkan iuran premi kelas dapat dilakukan kembali mengingat peserta potensial (usia produktif dan berstatus sebagai pekerja) cenderung berada pada kelas yang lebih rendah. Selain itu meskipun asas gotong royong menjadi prinsip pelaksanaan Program JKN, namun sebaiknya dapat dibuat mekanisme tertentu agar dapat dicermati terkait dengan faktor usia dan derajad kesehatan peserta terhadap perbedaan kelas premi peserta yang didaftarkan tanpa mengabaikan kemampuan ekonomi yang bersangkutan.

Measurement issues in police use of force: a state-of-the-art review

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 844-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan E. Hollis
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Measurement Issues ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
Meta Review ◽  
Ebsco Host ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to systematically and comprehensively review the extant literature on measurement issues in police use of force. Design/methodology/approach The current study uses a narrative meta-review of measurement issues in police use of force through a systematic and exhaustive search of several academic databases (e.g. Criminal Justice Abstracts, EBSCO Host, PsychInfo, etc.). Findings The current meta-review identified 56 studies that matched the inclusion criteria. These studies examined public and police officer perceptions of use of force, rates of use of force, types of force used, neighborhood contextual correlates of use of force, and severity of force used. A wide variety of approaches were used to measure use of force, and operationalization of use of force was inconsistent across studies. This indicates a need for high-quality research focusing on comparable operationalization of variables, consistency in measurement, and use of more rigorous research techniques. The use of validated measures is essential moving forward. Practical implications The practical implications derived from this meta-review indicate a need for future researchers to carefully evaluate the measurement approaches used in use of force studies. The lack of consistency in measurement of use of force research is concerning, and a focused effort is required to validate measures. Originality/value The state-of-the-art review on measurement issues in police use of force is the first of its kind. This study comprehensively reviews the literature on measurement issues in police use of force. This study will be useful for those who wish to further explore measurement issues in police use of force issues in policing and those who wish to work toward validated use of force measures.

Beyond the final report

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Terrill ◽  
Eugene A. Paoline III ◽  
Jason Robert Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Use Of Force ◽  
College Education ◽  
Police Culture ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Administrative Policy ◽  
National Institute Of Justice ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Additional Value

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a snapshot of key findings from research published from the Assessing Police Use of Force Policy and Outcomes study, a project funded by the National Institute of Justice. Design/methodology/approach Key findings from a national survey of police agencies on use of force policy and from an in-depth look at police use of force outcomes across eight cities published over the last ten years are synthesized to provide a cumulative perspective regarding the outcomes of the project. Findings The majority of police departments had a written force policy and reporting requirements, however, there was no commonly accepted force policy. Patrol officers were conservative in their views of what is reasonable force, administrative policy does matter in influencing force usage, and the use of a TASER impacted the likelihood of injury for both officers and citizens. Additional findings were also reviewed in the areas of complaints, police culture, first-line supervision, college education, and promotional aspirations. Originality/value While federal funding for policing related research projects are commonplace, taking a look back ten years later and summarizing key findings is uncommon. Doing so provides concise feedback to practitioners in one readily digestible manuscript. Furthermore, the paper also demonstrates the additional value to the original investment made by the National Institute of Justice.

scholarly journals Perceptions of police use of force: the importance of trust

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arabella Kyprianides ◽  
Julia A. Yesberg ◽  
Jenna Milani ◽  
Ben Bradford ◽  
Paul Quinton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Police Action ◽  
Perceptions Of Police ◽  
Acceptability Judgments

PurposeThe range of tactical force options available to police is increasing, while public debate about police use of force is never far from the headlines. This paper aims to examine what factors shape how people accept police use of force.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use two online experiments to test whether different force options affected judgments about the acceptability of police action and to explore the role of trust and legitimacy in people's judgments.FindingsThe authors found across both studies that respondents judged scenarios involving a weapon (baton, CS spray, Taser) as less acceptable compared to scenarios that did not (talking down, handcuffs), but they did not draw much distinction between the specific weapon used. In study 1, exposure to different police tactics had no effect on trust and legitimacy. In study 2, prior perceptions of trust were strong predictors of acceptability judgments.Originality/valueThere is a comparative paucity of British-based empirical research examining public attitudes toward different use of force resolutions by police. In this paper, the authors explore how use of force affects people's views of police at a time in which the nature and scope of force applications, how these are understood and indeed the basic enterprise of policing itself is being reconsidered and renegotiated.

scholarly journals Testing the effects of police body-worn cameras on use of force during arrests: A randomised controlled trial in a large British police force

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 720-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren Henstock ◽  
Barak Ariel
Keyword(s):  
Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Physical Restraints ◽  
Percent Reduction ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Discernible Effect ◽  
Randomised Controlled

This study aims to assess the effect of body-worn cameras (BWCs) on police use of force, in a British police force context. We tested the effect of BWCs with a large British force in a six-month randomised controlled trial. Police shifts ( n = 430) were randomly assigned on a weekly basis into treatment and control conditions. Odds ratios of use-of-force rates per arrests were used to estimate the causal impact of BWCs. Analyses of these odds for overall use of force and again within pre-specified force categories were conducted. Overall, we found a 50 percent reduction in the odds of force used when BWCs are present compared with control conditions. Our estimates suggest a 35 percent reduction of overall weighted force in the treatment conditions compared with control conditions. However, the effect concentrates in open-hand tactics (physical restraints and non-compliant handcuffing), with no discernible effect on categories of more aggressive force responses (for example, dogs, Tasers, batons, pepper spray); 40 percent ‘more force’ was detected in treatment conditions for handcuffing non-combatant suspects. We conclude that BWCs deter officers, offenders or both into complaint behaviour. Importantly, showing a conditional effect on force types can be further contextualised as enhanced transparency and accountability by the police, with greater reporting of use of force that would otherwise be concealed. Our findings illustrate the importance of analysing police use of force with and without compliant handcuffing of arrestees, which may or may not form part of the force continuum.

scholarly journals The Association Between Multimorbidity and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Clients Attending Chronic Outpatient Medical Care in Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia: The Application of Partial Proportional Odds Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fantu Abebe Eyowas ◽  
Marguerite Schneider ◽  
Shitaye Alemu ◽  
Sanghamitra Pati ◽  
Fentie Ambaw Getahun
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Bahir Dar ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Partial Proportional Odds Model

Abstract Background Multimorbidity, the presence of two or more chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in a given person affects all aspects of individuals’ lives. Poor quality of life (QoL) is one of the major consequences of living with multimorbidity. Although healthcare aims to support multimorbid individuals to achieve better quality of life, little is known about the effect of multimorbidity on quality of life of patients attending chronic outpatient medical care in Ethiopia. Objectives This study aimed to determine the association between multimorbidity and quality of life among clients attending chronic outpatient medical care in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A multi-centered facility-based study was conducted among 1440 participants aged 40+ years attending chronic outpatient medical care. Two complementary methods (interview and review of medical records) were employed to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics and presence of chronic diseases. We used the short form (SF-12 V2) instrument to measure quality of life. The data were analyzed by STATA V.16 and multivariate partial proportional odds model was fitted to identify covariates associated with quality of life, adjusting for relevant confounding factors. Statistical significance was considered at p-value <0.05.Results Multimorbidity was identified in 54.8% (95% CI=52.2%-57.4%) of the sample. A significant proportion (33.5%) of the study participants had poor quality of life and one fourth (25.8%) of them had moderate quality of life. Advanced age and living with multimorbidity were associated with poor quality of life. Conversely, being female, strong social support, high socioeconomic status, and adequate functioning and satisfaction with care were the variables positively associated with higher categories of quality of life.Conclusion The magnitude of multimorbidity in this study was high and individuals living with multimorbidity had a relatively poor quality of life than those without multimorbidity. Care of people with chronic multiple conditions may need to be oriented to the realities in multimorbidity burden and its implication on quality of life. Interventions targeting modifiable associated factors and studies exploring the longitudinal effect of multimorbidity on quality of life are needed.

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