Parallel evolution of lichen growth forms in the family Roccellaceae (Arthoniales, Ascomycota)

Cladistics ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 432-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Tehler ◽  
Martin Irestedt
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
The Family ◽  
Lichen Growth

Remarkable cases of parallel evolution of the placodioid thallus growth form in the Lecanographaceae (Arthoniales) with the description of a new species of Alyxoria from Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 415-424
Author(s):  
Damien Ertz ◽  
Alejandro Huereca ◽  
Sergio Manuel Salcedo-Martínez ◽  
Anders Tehler
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
The Family ◽  
Lichenized Fungus ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Lichen Growth

AbstractThe new species Alyxoria sierramadrensis is described from Mexico where it inhabits limestone rocks. The lichen developing from this fungus is characterized by a placodioid to subfoliose thallus with a white pruinose surface; rounded to shortly elongated ascomata with a black epruinose margin and a widely exposed, white pruinose hymenial disc; hyaline, 3-septate ascospores, 17–25 × 7–9 μm; the presence of anthraquinones rendering the medulla orange. Phylogenetic analyses of nuLSU, mtSSU and RPB2 sequences place this species in the genus Alyxoria (Lecanographaceae). This generic affiliation is surprising because all known Alyxoria species have a crustose thallus. Lecanographaceae mainly includes species without a thallus (lichenicolous taxa) or with a thin crustose thallus, the only exception being Simonyella variegata with a fruticose thallus. The new species belongs to the Alyxoria ochrocheila subgroup, which includes lichens also frequently known to have anthraquinones, white pruinose hymenial discs and 3-septate ascospores. Phylogenetic analyses further determined the systematic position of the monotypic genus Phoebus. This genus, considered as an Arthoniales of uncertain family affiliation, is shown to belong to the Lecanographaceae. With its placodioid thallus, it is another example of a lichenized fungus with a deviating morphology in thallus structure for the family, increasing the number of remarkable cases of parallel evolution of lichen growth forms within the Arthoniales. Phoebus hydrophobius is newly recorded for Mexico.

scholarly journals Multilocus Sequence Analysis of the Marine Bacterial Genus Tenacibaculum Suggests Parallel Evolution of Fish Pathogenicity and Endemic Colonization of Aquaculture Systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (17) ◽  
pp. 5503-5514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Habib ◽  
Armel Houel ◽  
Aurélie Lunazzi ◽  
Jean-François Bernardet ◽  
Anne Berit Olsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Analysis ◽  
Fish Pathogens ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Marine Aquaculture ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cohesive Group

ABSTRACTThe genusTenacibaculum, a member of the familyFlavobacteriaceae, is an abundant component of marine bacterial ecosystems that also hosts several fish pathogens, some of which are of serious concern for marine aquaculture. Here, we applied multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) to 114 representatives of most known species in the genus and of the worldwide diversity of the major fish pathogenTenacibaculum maritimum. Recombination hampers precise phylogenetic reconstruction, but the data indicate intertwined environmental and pathogenic lineages, which suggests that pathogenicity evolved independently in several species. At lower phylogenetic levels recombination is also important, and the speciesT. maritimumconstitutes a cohesive group of isolates. Importantly, the data reveal no trace of long-distance dissemination that could be linked to international fish movements. Instead, the high number of distinct genotypes suggests an endemic distribution of strains. The MLSA scheme and the data described in this study will help in monitoringTenacibaculuminfections in marine aquaculture; we show, for instance, that isolates from tenacibaculosis outbreaks in Norwegian salmon farms are related toT. dicentrarchi, a recently described species.

Liaison entre la religion et les fonctions culturelles de la famille

1969 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Voyé
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Family Education ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Family ◽  
The One ◽  
Sociological Explanation ◽  
Hereditary Character ◽  
Socializing Agents ◽  
The Impact

The relatively hereditary character of diverse cultural phenomena has already drawn attention to the role that the family can play in this trans mission. It appears in particular that political orientations and the chances of access to different types and levels of education can frequently be explained by a specific family membership. Two types of argument are put forward here in order to explain how the family can appear as a privileged place of cultural apprenticeship: on the one hand psychological arguments linked with the primary and universal character of family education and the type of relations that this develops; on the other hand a more sociological explanation based on the repercussion that the more or less great complexity of learned language entails with regard to diverse exterior participations, and on the comparison between the impact of the family and those of other socializing agents on the successive choices which they will impose. To these explanatory elements of the existing link between cultural memberships and the family environment is added, for religion as much as for the family, the transition from the public to the private sphere. This parallel evolution will tend to increase the autonomy of religion on the plane of secondary elaborations for which it will borrow its mode of re-interpretation from the exigencies of daily life, particularly from the family.

Interaction of ecology, taxonomy and distribution in some Mesembryanthemaceae

Bothalia ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 14 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 653-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. K. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Precipitation Data ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Structural Pattern ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
The Family

Many taxa of the family Mesembryanthemaceae show close correlations between distribution and environmental factors, e.g. occurrence on limestone or quartzite only, but few cases have been studied in detail. Recent investigations in anatomy, morphology, life cycles, physiology, and in energetic properties indicate that fundamentally different patterns are developed in adaptation to arid conditions, even in reaction to identical edaphic and climatic factors.On the other hand, little is known about the immediate influence of changes in the natural environment. Studies in populations of the subgenus Cephalophyllum of the genus  Cephalophyllum N.E. Br. show strong correlations between precipitation data and habit, which can superimpose genetic dispositions. In addition, growth forms are well adapted to certain types of plant communities, so that superficially, a diffuse structural pattern results.Long term studies, in the field and in the greenhouse, of growth forms in relation to time, to precipitation, and to associations, allow first suggestions for adaptive pathways in the evolution of the group, and the results form a basis for taxonomic decisions in this highly confused taxon. Finally, the example offers aspects for the better understanding of interaction between ecology and distribution data.

A new approach to the phylogeny of Euascomycetes with a cladistic outline of Arthoniales focussing on Roccellaceae

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2458-2492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Tehler
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Lichenicolous Fungi ◽  
Working Hypothesis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Traditional Sense ◽  
Bitunicate Ascus

A phylogenetic working hypothesis of euascomycete relationships is presented. Paraphysoidal ascolocular fungi are monophyletic and ascohymenial fungi are paraphyletic as paraphyses are considered plesiomorphic and paraphysoids apomorphic within euascomycete fungi. As a result it is not necessary to postulate parallel evolution of the bitunicate ascus, and furthermore presence of paraphyses in the prototunicate caliciaceous fungi is no longer in conflict with paraphyses in ascohymenial fungi. A cladistic outline of the order Arthoniales with special focus on the Roccellaceae including 20 taxa and 92 characters is presented. The type species of all genera considered are used as terminal taxa. It is suggested that the type species of Arthothelium should be excluded from the order Arthoniales. The Arthoniaceae are paraphyletic as Arthonia radiata and Arthothelium spectabile form a grade pair. The family Roccellaceae is monophyletic and corroborated in its traditional sense, but some rearrangements within the family are made. Opegrapha vulgata and Lecanactis abietina form a pair, but the family Opegraphaceae is paraphyletic if the pair Chiodecton sphaerale and Schismatomma pericleum are included. The originally described ascoma of the species Darbishirella gracillima, Ingaderia pulcherrima, and Reinkella fragillima are found to be lichenicolous fungi. The mycobiont ascomata of Darbishirella gracillima produce 3- not 2-septate spores. No ascomata of the mycobionts of the two latter species have as yet been found. Key words: Euascomycetes, Arthoniales, Roccellaceae, phylogeny, cladistics, lichenicolous.

scholarly journals On ‘various contrivances’: pollination, phylogeny and flower form in the Solanaceae

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1539) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Knapp
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Flower Morphology ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Flower Symmetry ◽  
The Family ◽  
Flower Form ◽  
Floral Characters

Members of the euasterid angiosperm family Solanaceae have been characterized as remarkably diverse in terms of flower morphology and pollinator type. In order to test the relative contribution of phylogeny to the pattern of distribution of floral characters related to pollination, flower form and pollinators have been mapped onto a molecular phylogeny of the family. Bilateral flower symmetry (zygomorphy) is prevalent in the basal grades of the family, and more derived clades have flowers that are largely radially symmetric, with some parallel evolution of floral bilateralism. Pollinator types (‘syndromes’) are extremely homoplastic in the family, but members of subfamily Solanoideae are exceptional in being largely bee pollinated. Pollinator relationships in those genera where they have been investigated more fully are not as specific as flower morphology and the classical pollinator syndrome models might suggest, and more detailed studies in some particularly variable genera, such as Iochroma and Nicotiana , are key to understanding the role of pollinators in floral evolution and adaptive radiation in the family. More studies of pollinators in the field are a priority.

scholarly journals Phenomenon in the Evolution of Voles (Mammalia, Rodentia, Arvicolidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. I. Rekovets ◽  
O. M. Kovalchuk
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Tooth Type ◽  
Masticatory Apparatus

Abstract This paper presents analytical results of the study of adaptatiogenesis within the family Arvicolidae (Mammalia, Rodentia) based of morphological changes of the most functional characters of their masticatory apparatus — dental system — through time. The main directions of the morphological differentiation in parallel evolution of the arvicolid tooth type within the Cricetidae and Arvicolidae during late Miocene and Pliocene were identified and substantiated. It is shown that such unique morphological structure as the arvicolid tooth type has provided a relatively high rate of evolution of voles and a wide range of their adaptive radiation, as well as has determined their taxonomic and ecological diversity. The optimality of the current state of this group and evaluation of evolutionary prospects of Arvicolidae were presented and substantiated here as a phenomenon in their evolution.

scholarly journals Brittle stars looking like starfish: the first fossil record of the Astrophiuridae and a remarkable case of convergent evolution

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e8008
Author(s):  
Ben Thuy ◽  
Andy Gale ◽  
Lea Numberger-Thuy
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
New Genus And Species ◽  
Brittle Stars ◽  
Remarkable Case ◽  
The Family ◽  
A New Species

The genus Astrophiura, which ranks among the most extraordinary of modern brittle stars, is the type genus of the recently resurrected family Astrophiuridae within the order Ophiurida. On account of its absurdly enlarged and strongly modified lateral arm plates, Astrophiura bears a closer resemblance to a pentagonal starfish than to a typical ophiuroid. Although molecular evidence suggests an ancient origin of the Astrophiuridae, dating back at least to the Early Jurassic, not a single fossil astrophiurid has been reported so far. Here, we describe dissociated lateral arm plates from the Campanian of Cringleford near Norwich, UK, and the Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany (both Upper Cretaceous) with unambiguous astrophiurid affinities and assign these to a new species, Astrophiura markbeneckei. This represents the first fossil record of the family. In addition, the Rügen material included lateral arm plates that superficially resemble those of A. markbeneckei sp. nov. but differ in having spine articulations that are typical of the ophionereidoid family Amphilimnidae. We assign these plates to a new genus and species, Astrosombra rammsteinensis, an extinct amphilimnid with morphological modifications similar to those of Astrophiura, and thus representing a remarkable case of parallel evolution amongst brittle stars looking like starfish.

scholarly journals Parallel Evolution of Bower-Building Behavior in Two Groups of Bowerbirds Suggested by Phylogenomics

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 820-829
Author(s):  
Per G P Ericson ◽  
Martin Irestedt ◽  
Johan A A Nylander ◽  
Les Christidis ◽  
Leo Joseph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
The Family ◽  
Socially Monogamous ◽  
Male Display ◽  
Building Behavior ◽  
Ancestral Character Reconstruction ◽  
Polygynous Mating System

Abstract The bowerbirds in New Guinea and Australia include species that build the largest and perhaps most elaborately decorated constructions outside of humans. The males use these courtship bowers, along with their displays, to attract females. In these species, the mating system is polygynous and the females alone incubate and feed the nestlings. The bowerbirds also include 10 species of the socially monogamous catbirds in which the male participates in most aspects of raising the young. How the bower-building behavior evolved has remained poorly understood, as no comprehensive phylogeny exists for the family. It has been assumed that the monogamous catbird clade is sister to all polygynous species. We here test this hypothesis using a newly developed pipeline for obtaining homologous alignments of thousands of exonic and intronic regions from genomic data to build a phylogeny. Our well-supported species tree shows that the polygynous, bower-building species are not monophyletic. The result suggests either that bower-building behavior is an ancestral condition in the family that was secondarily lost in the catbirds, or that it has arisen in parallel in two lineages of bowerbirds. We favor the latter hypothesis based on an ancestral character reconstruction showing that polygyny but not bower-building is ancestral in bowerbirds, and on the observation that Scenopoeetes dentirostris, the sister species to one of the bower-building clades, does not build a proper bower but constructs a court for male display. This species is also sexually monomorphic in plumage despite having a polygynous mating system. We argue that the relatively stable tropical and subtropical forest environment in combination with low predator pressure and rich food access (mostly fruit) facilitated the evolution of these unique life-history traits. [Adaptive radiation; bowerbirds; mating system, sexual selection; whole genome sequencing.]

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