Establishment of warm-season grasses in summer and damage in winter under supplementary irrigation in a semi-arid environment at high elevation in western United States of America

2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Robins ◽  
K. B. Jensen ◽  
M. D. Peel ◽  
B. L. Waldron
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

scholarly journals Warming enabled upslope advance in western US forest fires

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (22) ◽  
pp. e2009717118
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Alizadeh ◽  
John T. Abatzoglou ◽  
Charles H. Luce ◽  
Jan F. Adamowski ◽  
Arvin Farid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Climate Trends ◽  
Recent Climate

Increases in burned area and large fire occurrence are widely documented over the western United States over the past half century. Here, we focus on the elevational distribution of forest fires in mountainous ecoregions of the western United States and show the largest increase rates in burned area above 2,500 m during 1984 to 2017. Furthermore, we show that high-elevation fires advanced upslope with a median cumulative change of 252 m (−107 to 656 m; 95% CI) in 34 y across studied ecoregions. We also document a strong interannual relationship between high-elevation fires and warm season vapor pressure deficit (VPD). The upslope advance of fires is consistent with observed warming reflected by a median upslope drift of VPD isolines of 295 m (59 to 704 m; 95% CI) during 1984 to 2017. These findings allow us to estimate that recent climate trends reduced the high-elevation flammability barrier and enabled fires in an additional 11% of western forests. Limited influences of fire management practices and longer fire-return intervals in these montane mesic systems suggest these changes are largely a byproduct of climate warming. Further weakening in the high-elevation flammability barrier with continued warming has the potential to transform montane fire regimes with numerous implications for ecosystems and watersheds.

HIGH COUNTRY GRAZING IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES

1956 ◽  
pp. 113-125
Author(s):  
R.Merton Love
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Livestock Industry ◽  
Low Precipitation ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Desert Shrubland

Between the deserts and the forests are vast expanses of basins, plateaux, and grasslands with a plant cover of grasses, broadleaved herbs, shrubs, and open, arid woodlands. The semi-arid grassland, the open woods, and the desert shrubland constitute the domain of the huge western livestock industry in the 17 states lying roughly west of the 100th meridian. These are known as the range states and they are likely to remain predominantly range states because of the low precipitation, rough topography, and shallow, rocky and saline soils.

scholarly journals Variability of Cloudiness over Mountain Terrain in the Western United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1227-1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Sumargo ◽  
Daniel R. Cayan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Empirical Orthogonal Functions ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Cloud Albedo

Abstract This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of cloudiness across mountain zones in the western United States. Daily average cloud albedo is derived from a 19-yr series (1996–2014) of half-hourly Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) images. During springtime when incident radiation is active in driving snowmelt–runoff processes, the magnitude of daily cloud variations can exceed 50% of long-term averages. Even when aggregated over 3-month periods, cloud albedo varies by ±10% of long-term averages in many locations. Rotated empirical orthogonal functions (REOFs) of daily cloud albedo anomalies over high-elevation regions of the western conterminous United States identify distinct regional patterns, wherein the first five REOFs account for ~67% of the total variance. REOF1 is centered over Northern California and Oregon and is pronounced between November and March. REOF2 is centered over the interior northwest and is accentuated between March and July. Each of the REOF/rotated principal components (RPC) modes associates with anomalous large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns and one or more large-scale teleconnection indices (Arctic Oscillation, Niño-3.4, and Pacific–North American), which helps to explain why anomalous cloudiness patterns take on regional spatial scales and contain substantial variability over seasonal time scales.

scholarly journals Diverse Thaumarchaeota Dominate Subsurface Ammonia-oxidizing Communities in Semi-arid Floodplains in the Western United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 778-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily L. Cardarelli ◽  
John R. Bargar ◽  
Christopher A. Francis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Semi Arid

Human ocular onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca lupi (Spirurida, Onchocercidae) in Iran

2013 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Mowlavi ◽  
F. Farzbod ◽  
A. Kheirkhah ◽  
I. Mobedi ◽  
D.D. Bowman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Ribosomal Dna ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Onchocerca Lupi ◽  
Nodular Lesions

AbstractCases of canine onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca lupi are increasingly reported from Europe and the western United States of America. The zoonotic role of this parasite had already been suspected in Europe as the clinical signs and histopathology seen in two ocular cases from Albania and the Crimean region were very similar to those of canine ocular onchocerciasis. In the most recent reports of human onchocerciasis, O. lupi has been morphologically and molecularly identified as the causative agent of ocular infestation in two patients from Turkey, and one patient from Tunisia. Here, we report an additional case of nodular lesions involving two, and possibly more, immature worms in a patient from Iran. The parasite was found to belong to the genus Onchocerca based on morphological features and the species was confirmed as O. lupi from a partial sequence analysis of 12S ribosomal DNA.

Evaluation of Surface Sensible Weather Forecasts by the WRF and the Eta Models over the Western United States

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 812-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Y. Y. Cheng ◽  
W. James Steenburgh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Cooperative Networks ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Surface Boundary ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Soil Model ◽  
Regional Prediction

Abstract An evaluation of the surface sensible weather forecasts using high-density observations provided by the MesoWest cooperative networks illustrates the performance characteristics of the Cooperative Institute for Regional Prediction (CIRP) Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) and the Eta Models over the western United States during the 2003 warm season (June–August). In general, CIRP WRF produced larger 2-m temperature and dewpoint mean absolute and bias errors (MAEs and BEs, respectively) than the Eta. CIRP WRF overpredicted the 10-m wind speed, whereas the Eta exhibited an underprediction with a comparable error magnitude to CIRP WRF. Tests using the Oregon State University (OSU) Land Surface Model (LSM) in CIRP WRF, instead of a simpler slab-soil model, suggest that using a more sophisticated LSM offers no overall advantage in reducing WRF BEs and MAEs for the aforementioned surface variables. Improvements in the initialization of soil temperature in the slab-soil model, however, did reduce the temperature bias in CIRP WRF. These results suggest that improvements in LSM initialization may be as or more important than improvements in LSM physics. A concerted effort must be undertaken to improve both the LSM initialization and parameterization of coupled land surface–boundary layer processes to produce more accurate surface sensible weather forecasts.

Herbaceous weed control and revegetation of semi-arid rangelands in western United States

1969 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond A. Evans ◽  
James A. Young ◽  
Richard E. Eckert
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Important Resource ◽  
Recreation Areas ◽  
Arid Rangelands ◽  
Herbaceous Weed Control ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Wild Life

Rangelands of the western United States are becoming an increasingly important resource for many uses, including livestock grazing, wild-life habitat, recreation areas and watersheds. These lands have much undeveloped potential and can be greatly improved to better sustain these many demands. Herbaceous weed control-revegetation systems are powerful tools in this improvement.

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