Identification of high levels of phytochelatins, glutathione and cadmium in the phloem sap of Brassica napus. A role for thiol-peptides in the long-distance transport of cadmium and the effect of cadmium on iron translocation

Combining plant resistance against virus and vector presents an attractive approach to reduce virus transmission and virus proliferation in crops. Restricted Tobacco-etch virus Movement (RTM) genes confer resistance to potyviruses by limiting their long-distance transport. Recently, a close homologue of one of the RTM genes, SLI1, has been discovered but this gene instead confers resistance to Myzus persicae aphids, a vector of potyviruses. The functional connection between resistance to potyviruses and aphids, raises the question whether plants have a basic defense system in the phloem against biotic intruders. This paper provides an overview on restricted potyvirus phloem transport and restricted aphid phloem feeding and their possible interplay, followed by a discussion on various ways in which viruses and aphids gain access to the phloem sap. From a phloem-biological perspective, hypotheses are proposed on the underlying mechanisms of RTM- and SLI1-mediated resistance, and their possible efficacy to defend against systemic viruses and phloem-feeding vectors.

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Changes in the Elemental and Metabolite Profile of Wheat Phloem Sap during Grain Filling Indicate a Dynamic between Plant Maturity and Time of Day

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo8030053 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 53 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lachlan Palmer ◽

James Stangoulis

Keyword(s):

Metal Ions ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Metabolite Profile ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Phloem Exudate ◽

Long Distance ◽

Phloem Sap ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

Distance Transport

The long distance transport of Fe and Zn in the phloem sap of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the key route for seed supply, due to wheat having a xylem discontinuity. To date, our knowledge is limited on Fe and Zn homeostasis in the phloem sap during the reproductive and grain filling stages. With the use of aphid stylectomy to collect samples of phloem sap, we explored maturity and morning versus afternoon (within-day) changes in nutrient and metabolite profiles. Phloem exudate was collected from a wheat breeding line, SAMNYT16, at three times during the grain filling period and at both midday and mid-afternoon. There were significant changes in the concentration of Mg, K, Fe and Zn during the course of grain loading and there were also significant within-day differences for Fe and K concentrations in the phloem exudate during the early phases of grain development. We found that, for K and Fe, there was an increase of 1.1- and 1.4-fold, respectively, for samples taken prior to midday to those from mid-afternoon. There was also a significant decrease in K, Fe and Zn phloem sap concentration of 1.5-, 1.4- and 1.1-fold, respectively, from the start of peak grain loading to the end of grain loading. Of the 79 metabolites detected within samples of phloem exudate, 43 had significant maturity differences and 38 had significant within-day variability. Glutamine was found to increase by 3.3–5.9-fold from midday to mid-afternoon and citric acid was found to decrease by 1.6-fold from the start of grain loading to the end of grain loading. These two metabolites are of interest as they can complex metal ions and may play a role in long distance transport of metal ions. The work presented here gives further insight into the complex composition of the phloem sap and variability that can occur during the day and also with increasing maturity.

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The Shoot-Specific Expression of γ-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase Directs the Long-Distance Transport of Thiol-Peptides to Roots Conferring Tolerance to Mercury and Arsenic

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ◽

10.1104/pp.105.074815 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 141 (1) ◽

pp. 288-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 103

Author(s):

Yujing Li ◽

Om Parkash Dankher ◽

Laura Carreira ◽

Aaron P. Smith ◽

Richard B. Meagher

Keyword(s):

Long Distance ◽

Specific Expression ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

Glutamylcysteine Synthetase ◽

Distance Transport ◽

Thiol Peptides

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The Fine Structure of Phloem Cells

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100119867 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 632-635

Author(s):

James Cronshaw

Keyword(s):

Structural Studies ◽

High Concentration ◽

Long Distance ◽

Phloem Tissue ◽

Sieve Elements ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

P Protein ◽

Companion Cells ◽

Electron Microscopical ◽

Distance Transport

Long distance transport in plants takes place in phloem tissue which has characteristic cells, the sieve elements. At maturity these cells have sieve areas in their end walls with specialized perforations. They are associated with companion cells, parenchyma cells, and in some species, with transfer cells. The protoplast of the functioning sieve element contains a high concentration of sugar, and consequently a high hydrostatic pressure, which makes it extremely difficult to fix mature sieve elements for electron microscopical observation without the formation of surge artifacts. Despite many structural studies which have attempted to prevent surge artifacts, several features of mature sieve elements, such as the distribution of P-protein and the nature of the contents of the sieve area pores, remain controversial.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Brassinosteroids do not undergo long-distance transport in pea. Implications for the regulation of endogenous brassinosteroid levels.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1020575.237428 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Julia Kehr

Keyword(s):

Long Distance ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

Distance Transport

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Brassinosteroids do not undergo long-distance transport in pea. Implications for the regulation of endogenous brassinosteroid levels.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1020575.235480 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Seth J Davis

Keyword(s):

Long Distance ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

Distance Transport

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Passive phloem loading and long-distance transport in a synthetic tree-on-a-chip.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.727423375.793539811 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

John Patrick

Keyword(s):

Phloem Loading ◽

Long Distance ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

Distance Transport

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of RNA Granules Hitchhike on Lysosomes for Long-Distance Transport, Using Annexin A11 as a Molecular Tether.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.736626275.793565569 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Giampietro Schiavo ◽

Sunaina Surana

Keyword(s):

Long Distance ◽

Rna Granules ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

Annexin A11 ◽

Distance Transport

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Comparative Analysis of Long-Distance Transportation with the Example of Sea and Rail Transport

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14061689 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1689

Author(s):

Tomasz Neumann

Keyword(s):

Eastern China ◽

Time Cost ◽

Topsis Method ◽

Long Distance ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

The Subject ◽

Transport Analysis ◽

Multi Criteria Analysis ◽

The Relationship ◽

Distance Transport

The subject of the article is a comparative long-distance transport analysis based on the relationship between central and eastern China and Poland. It provides an overview of issues related to long-haul China–Poland. The technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method was proposed in the multi-criteria analysis. This method was briefly discussed, and its choice was justified. Then, the criteria adopted in the analysis were presented, i.e., time, cost, maximum number of containers, and ecology index. Multi-criteria analysis was carried out for three cases: the transport of one loading unit, 82 loading units, and 200 loading units. The geopolitical and operational situation on the transport route for the analyzed modes of transport was discussed.

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Selecting sorting centres to avoid long distance transport of weaned beef calves

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-79844-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

T. Morel-Journel ◽

E. Vergu ◽

J.-B. Mercier ◽

N. Bareille ◽

P. Ezanno

Keyword(s):

Negative Impact ◽

Historical Record ◽

Management Tool ◽

Long Distance ◽

Beef Calves ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

And Performance ◽

Distance Transport ◽

French Beef ◽

General Concern

AbstractThe transport of weaned calves from cow–calf producers to fatteners is a general concern for the young bull industry due to its documented negative impact on the welfare, health and performance of the animals. These transfers are often managed by intermediaries who transport weaned calves to sorting centres, where they are grouped into batches before being sent to fattening units. In this study, we present an algorithm to limiting these transfer distances by appropriately selecting the sorting centre through which they must go. We tested the effectiveness of this algorithm on historical data from a French beef producer organization managing 136,892 transfers using 13 sorting centres. The results show a decrease in the transfer distances compared to the historical record, especially for the calves travelling over long distances (− 76 km, i.e. 18% on average for the 33% longest transfers). Moreover, the distribution of calves between the sorting centres proposed by the algorithm reveals differences in their efficiency in minimizing transfer distances. In addition to its usefulness as a management tool for the daily transport of cattle, this algorithm provides prospects for improving the management of the sorting centres themselves.

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