Susceptibility of biofilms of Streptococcus sanguis to chlorhexidine gluconate and cetylpyridinium chloride

Introduction: Streptococcus sanguis is an initial cause of dental plaque formation which is the initial cause of caries. One of the preventive treatments can be done by using the mouthwash containing antibacterial substances. Along time, natural remedies are proven to be having more antibacterial properties. Ant-plant (Myrmecodia pendens Merr. & Perry) tubers are types of epiphytic plant that grows in many parts of Papua, with many health benefits, and are known to contain flavonoids, tannins, and tocopherols. This study was aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate fraction from methanolic extracts of ant-plant tubers on the growth of Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10566. Methods: The ant-plant tubers were extracted with soxhletation method using the methanol solvent. The fractionation was then performed using ethyl acetate to obtain the ethyl acetate fraction. Result: The phytochemical test showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of the ant-plant contained phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The bacterial test in this study was using the microdilution method using the ELISA Reader by measuring the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ethyl acetate fraction of ant-plant tubers towards Streptococcus sanguis with positive control was using the chlorhexidine gluconate as the golden standard medication. The ethyl acetate fraction of ant-plant tuber had an antibacterial effect towards Streptococcus sanguis in the MIC of 31.25 ppm, while chlorhexidine gluconate was 0.49 ppm. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction of ant-plant had a lower antibacterial activity compared to chlorhexidine gluconate on the growth of Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10566.Keywords: Ant-plant tubers, Myrmecodia pendens Merr. & Perry, antibacterial activity, Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10566.

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Effectiveness of Oral Antiseptics on Tooth Biofilm: A Study in vivo

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1739 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 674-678 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mateus Rodrigues Tonetto ◽

Matheus Coelho Bandéca ◽

Etevaldo Matos Maia Filho ◽

José Carlos Elias Mouchrek Junior ◽

Lívia Helena de Araújo Castro Nunes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Active Ingredient ◽

Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽

Chlorhexidine Gluconate ◽

Blind Study ◽

Plaque Index ◽

The Mean ◽

Bacterial Plaque

ABSTRACT Aim To evaluate the effectiveness of five different mouthwashes through measurement of the plaque index. Materials and methods Fifty subjects took part in this blind study, randomized into blocks of five groups according to the active ingredient of the mouthwash: CHX group (0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate), essential oils (EO) group, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) group, Tri group (triclosan) and Hamamelis virginiana (HV) group. All subjects were evaluated for a reduction in the bacterial plaque index at 7, 14 and 21 days. Results There was a significant reduction in the mean plaque index during the period of evaluation (p < 0.01), and the reduction during the period of evaluation was different between mouthwashes (p < 0.01). The reduction in the plaque index at the end of 21 days was, in decreasing order, CHX > EO > CPC > Tri > HV. Conclusion The reduction in the plaque index during the period of evaluation was different between the types of mouthwash. The mouthwash containing the active ingredient chlorhexidine was the most effective, followed by the essential oil, cetylpyridinium chloride, triclosan and H. virginiana. How to cite this article Junior Mouchrek JCE, Nunes LHAC, Arruda CS, Rizzi CC, Mouchrek AQS, Tavarez RRJ, Tonetto MR, Bandeca MC, Maia Filho EM. Effectiveness of Oral Antiseptics on Tooth Biofilm: A Study in vivo. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(8):674-678.

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Virucidal Activity of Different Mouthwashes Using a Novel Biochemical Assay

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare10010063 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 63

Author(s):

Héctor J. Rodríguez-Casanovas ◽

Manuel De la Rosa ◽

Yesit Bello-Lemus ◽

Giulio Rasperini ◽

Antonio J. Acosta-Hoyos

Keyword(s):

Sodium Citrate ◽

Saline Solution ◽

Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Chlorhexidine Gluconate ◽

Viral Transmission ◽

Virucidal Activity ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Clinical Protocol ◽

Viral Loads

Background: Saliva of patients with COVID-19 has a high SARS-CoV-2 viral load. The risk of spreading the virus is not insignificant, and procedures for reducing viral loads in the oral cavity have been proposed. Little research to date has been performed on the effect of mouthwashes on the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and some of their mechanisms of action remain unknown. Methods: SARS-CoV-2 positive nasopharyngeal swabs measured by RT-PCR were used for virucidal activity in a 1:1 ratio, with an incubation time of 1 min. The solutions used in this study were: iodopovidone (8 mg); * D-limonene, a terpene extracted from citrus peels (0.3%); † cetylpyridinium chloride (0.1%) (CPC); ‡ chlorhexidine gluconate (10%) (CHX); § a CPC (0.12%) and CHX (0.05%) containing formula; ** a formula containing essential oils; †† a CPC containing formula (0.07%); ‡‡ a D-limonene (0.2%) and CPC (0.05%) containing formula; §§ a solution containing sodium fluoride (0.05%) and CPC (0.075%); *** a solution containing CHX (0.12%) and; ††† a CHX (0.2%) containing formula. ‡‡‡ As a control reaction, saline solution or excipient solution (water, glycerin, citric acid, colorant, sodium citrate) was used. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, we can conclude that a mouthwash containing both D-limonene and CPC reduced the virucidal activity in about 6 logs (>99.999% reduction). Hence, establishing a clinical protocol for dentists is suggested, where all patients to be treated rinse pre-operatively with a mouthwash containing both D-limonene and CPC to reduce the likelihood of infection with SARS-CoV-2 for dentists. This is a relatively inexpensive way to reduce viral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from infected individuals within the community. It is also a simple way to decrease infections from asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic patients.

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Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Solutions on Streptococcus mutans in used Toothbrushes

World Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1119 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 6-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Padma K Bhat ◽

Soumik Sarkar ◽

Sandhya Chengappa ◽

Nithin N Bhaskar

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Bacterial Contamination ◽

Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽

Group Iv ◽

Chlorhexidine Gluconate ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Plating Method ◽

Group Ii ◽

The Difference

ABSTRACT Purpose The objective was to determine the effectiveness of antimicrobial solutions on Streptococcus mutans in used tooth brushes. Methods Sixty children used their toothbrushes twice a day, for seven consecutive days. The toothbrush bristles were then immersed into antimicrobial solutions for 12 hours: Group I-3% neem; group II-5% turmeric; group III-0.5% cetylpyridinium chloride, group IV-0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. They were then placed into test tubes containing the resultant suspensions were three-fold diluted. Aliquots of 0.1 ml were plated in Mitis Salivarius Agar (enriched with sucrose) using dilution and plating method. Incubation was done in an anaerobic jar for 72 hours at 37°C. Results The results obtained showed that there was 88% reduction in the Streptococcus mutans in the 3% neem group, 86% reduction in the Streptococcus mutans in the 0.5% cetylpyridinium chloride group,78% reduction in the Streptococcus mutans in the 5% turmeric group, 65% reduction in the Streptococcus mutans in the 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate group. The difference between them was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion Bacterial contamination of toothbrushes was a major cause of concern. All the antimicrobial solutions used in this study proved to be effective toothbrush decontaminants. The efficacy of 3% neem was highest in our study followed by 0.5% cetylpyridinium chloride, 5% turmeric and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. How to cite this article Bhat PK, Badiyani BK, Sarkar S, Chengappa S, Bhaskar NN. Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Solutions on Streptococcus mutans in used Toothbrushes. World J Dent 2012;3(1):6-10.

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Responses of Platelets to Strains of Streptococcus sanguis: Findings in Healthy Subjects, Bernard-Soulier, Glanzmann’s, and Collagen-Unresponsive Patients

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1651098 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 57 (02) ◽

pp. 222-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

A H Soberay ◽

M C Herzberg ◽

J D Rudney ◽

H K Nieuwenhuis ◽

J J Sixma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Platelet Aggregation ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Membrane Glycoprotein ◽

Response Mechanism ◽

Platelet Response ◽

Induce Platelet Aggregation ◽

Streptococcus Sanguis ◽

Lag Times ◽

Bernard Soulier Syndrome

SummaryThe ability of endocarditis and dental strains of Streptococcus sanguis to induce platelet aggregation in plasma (PRP) from normal subjects were examined and compared to responses of PRP with known platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP) and response defects. S. sanguis strains differed in their ability to induce normal PRPs to aggregate. Strains that induced PRP aggregation in more than 60% of donors were significantly faster agonists (mean lag times to onset of aggregation less than 6 min) than those strains inducing response in PRPs of fewer than 60% of donors.Platelets from patients with Bernard-Soulier syndrome aggregated in response to strains of S. sanguis. In contrast, platelets from patients with Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia and from a patient with a specific defect in response to collagen were unresponsive to S. sanguis. These observations show that GPIb and V are not essential, but GPIIb-IIIa and GPIa are important in the platelet response mechanism to S. sanguis. Indeed, the data suggests that the platelet interaction mechanisms of S. sanguis and collagen may be similar.

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An In Vitro Analysis of Sodium Hypochlorite Decontamination for the Reuse of Implant Healing Abutments

Journal of Oral Implantology ◽

10.1563/aaid-joi-d-19-00273 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmad Almehmadi

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Bacterial Culture ◽

Brain Heart Infusion ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Sem Images ◽

Streptococcus Sanguis ◽

Implant Dentistry ◽

Vitro Analysis

Abstract The re-use of healing abutments (HAs) has become common practice in implant dentistry for economic concerns and the aim of this in-vitro study was to assess the effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in decontamination of HAs. 122 HAs (Used and sterilized n=107; New n=15) were procured from 3 centers, of which 3 samples were discarded due to perforation in sterilization pouch. For sterility assessment, the used HAs (n=80) were cultured in Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), bacterial isolates were identified in 7 samples. Also, 24 used HAs were stained with Phloxine B, photographed and compared to new HAs (n=5). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) assessed the differences between the two sets of HAs, following which the 7 contaminated HAs along with 24 used HAs from staining experiment (Total=31) were subsequently treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and SEM images were observed. About 8.75% of HAs tested positive in bacterial culture; Streptococcus sanguis, Dermabacter hominis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Aspergillus species were isolated. Phloxine B staining was positive for used and sterilized HAs when compared to controls. The SEM images revealed deposits in the used HAs and although treatment with NaOCl eliminated the contamination of cultured HAs, the SEM showed visible debris in the HA thread region. This in-vitro study concluded that SEM images showed debris in used HAs at screw-hole and thread regions even though they tested negative in bacterial culture. The treatment with NaOCl of used HAs showed no bacterial contamination but the debris was observed in SEM images. Future studies on the chemical composition, biological implications, and clinical influence is warranted before considering the reuse of HAs.

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