Breeding dispersal in an isolated population of Spotted Owls Strix occidentalis: evidence for improved reproductive output

Abstract Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis) are territorial, generally nonmigratory, and strongly philopatric. Nevertheless, California Spotted Owls (S. o. occidentalis) exhibited breeding dispersal during 7% of interannual observations of banded individuals (n = 54 of 743 occasions). Based on ecological theory and published literature, we made a priori predictions about the factors associated with the probability of breeding dispersal and breeding dispersal distance, and about the consequences of dispersal. Breeding dispersal probability was higher for younger owls, single owls, paired owls that lost their mates, owls at lower quality sites, and owls that failed to reproduce in the year preceding dispersal. Sex had little effect on the probability of breeding dispersal. Dispersal distance was similar for female and male owls (median = 7 km, range = 1–33 km). We found no strong relationships between dispersal distance and any of the conditions that were associated with the probability of breeding dispersal. Dispersal resulted in improved territory quality in 72% of cases. These results indicate that breeding dispersal was condition-dependent and adaptive.

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Mexican Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis) Population Dynamics: Influence of Climatic Variation on Survival and Reproduction

The Auk ◽

10.1093/auk/119.2.321 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 119 (2) ◽

pp. 321-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Mark E. Seamans ◽

R. J. Gutiérrez ◽

Christopher A. May

Keyword(s):

New Mexico ◽

Reproductive Output ◽

Monsoon Season ◽

Life History Strategy ◽

Climatic Variation ◽

Spotted Owl ◽

Strix Occidentalis ◽

Spotted Owls ◽

Survival And Reproduction ◽

Strix Occidentalis Lucida

Abstract Understanding the mechanisms causing temporal variability in demographic parameters is essential to understanding fluctuations in populations. As part of a long-term demographic study, we evaluated influence of climate on Mexican Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) annual survival and reproduction in two study areas, one in Arizona and one in New Mexico. Spotted Owl survival in New Mexico and reproductive output in both study areas were positively related to total amounts of precipitation from the previous year, previous winter, or monsoon season. For both study areas, temporal process variation in reproductive output (CV[R] = 51.2 and 75.2% for Arizona and New Mexico, respectively) was greater than that for survival (CV[ϕ] = 12.9 and 7.1% for Arizona and New Mexico, respectively). Precipitation from the previous year explained 73% of σ̂2temporal reproductive output for Arizona owls and precipitation from the previous monsoon explained 42% of σ̂2temporal in reproductive output for New Mexico owls. Precipitation from the previous monsoon season explained 53% of σ̂2temporal in Arizona owl survival and precipitation from the previous winter explained 56% of σ̂2temporal in New Mexico owl survival. The two populations of Spotted Owls we studied appeared to have the same life-history strategy hypothesized for a population of Northern Spotted Owls (S. o. caurina), although the Mexican subspecies apparently responded quite differently to climatic variation.

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Evidence for recent population bottlenecks in northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina)

Conservation Genetics ◽

10.1007/s10592-009-9946-5 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 1013-1021 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

W. Chris Funk ◽

Eric D. Forsman ◽

Matthew Johnson ◽

Thomas D. Mullins ◽

Susan M. Haig

Keyword(s):

Population Bottlenecks ◽

Strix Occidentalis ◽

Spotted Owls ◽

Strix Occidentalis Caurina ◽

Northern Spotted Owls

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Social status, forest disturbance, and Barred Owls shape long-term trends in breeding dispersal distance of Northern Spotted Owls

The Condor ◽

10.1093/condor/duz055 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 121 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Julianna M A Jenkins ◽

Damon B Lesmeister ◽

Eric D Forsman ◽

Katie M Dugger ◽

Steven H Ackers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forest Disturbance ◽

Dispersal Distance ◽

Historical Study ◽

Breeding Dispersal ◽

Spotted Owls ◽

Dispersal Distances ◽

Dispersal Events ◽

Northern Spotted Owls ◽

Barred Owls ◽

Over Time

Abstract Dispersal among breeding sites in territorial animals (i.e. breeding dispersal) is driven by numerous selection pressures, including competition and spatiotemporal variation in habitat quality. The scale and trend of dispersal movements over time may signal changing conditions within the population or on the landscape. We examined 2,158 breeding dispersal events from 694 male and 608 female individually marked Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) monitored over 28 yr on 7 study areas to assess the relative importance of individual (sex, experience), reproductive (annual productivity, mate availability), and environmental (forest alteration, presence of competitor) sources of variation in breeding dispersal distance. Median breeding dispersal distance was 3.17 km, with 99% of all breeding dispersal events <37 km. Mean annual dispersal distances increased by 2.43 km in Oregon and 9.40 km in Washington between 1990 and 2017, which coincided with increases in annual detections of nonnative Barred Owl (S. varia). Frequency of breeding dispersal events, both among and within individuals, also increased over time. Female owls moved farther than males (median of 3.26 and 3.10 km, respectively), and birds with less experience (territory tenure) moved farther than those with more experience. Owls that were single in the year prior to dispersal moved 13–31% farther than those paired prior to dispersal. The greatest environmental change occurring over the course of our study was the expansion of Barred Owl populations. Breeding dispersal distance was positively related to Barred Owls in the study area and disturbance within the originating territory. While it appears that social factors continue to be important drivers of breeding dispersal distance in Spotted Owls, increased competition from Barred Owls and habitat alteration have a contributing effect. Increased breeding dispersal distances should be of concern for conservation efforts and considered in population monitoring because changing dispersal behavior may lead to higher rates of mortality and/or emigration from historical study areas.

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Does The Presence of Barred Owls Suppress the Calling Behavior of Spotted Owls?

The Condor ◽

10.1093/condor/108.4.760 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 108 (4) ◽

pp. 760-769 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Michelle L. Crozier ◽

Mark E. Seamans ◽

R. J. GutiÉRrez ◽

Peter J. Loschl ◽

Robert B. Horn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calling Behavior ◽

Field Observations ◽

Spotted Owl ◽

Strix Occidentalis ◽

Response Data ◽

Strix Varia ◽

Spotted Owls ◽

Strix Occidentalis Caurina ◽

Northern Spotted Owls ◽

Barred Owls

Abstract Abstract Barred Owls (Strix varia) have expanded their range throughout the ranges of Northern (Strix occidentalis caurina) and California Spotted Owls (S. o. occidentalis). Field observations have suggested that Barred Owls may be behaviorally dominant to Spotted Owls. Therefore, we conducted a test of behavioral dominance by assessing responsiveness of Spotted Owls to conspecific calls when they were in the simulated presence (i.e., imitation of Barred Owl vocalizations) of a Barred Owl. We hypothesized that Spotted Owls would be less likely to respond to conspecific calls in areas where Barred Owls were common. We used a binary 2 × 2 crossover experimental design to examine male Spotted Owl responses at 10 territories randomly selected within two study areas that differed in abundance of Barred Owls. We also conducted a quasi experiment at four study areas using response data from any Spotted Owl (male or female) detected following exposure to Barred Owl calls. We inferred from the crossover experiment that the simulated presence of a Barred Owl might negatively affect Spotted Owl responsiveness. Both subspecies of Spotted Owl responded less to Spotted Owl calls after exposure to Barred Owl calls, Northern Spotted Owls responded less frequently in areas having higher numbers of Barred Owls, and California Spotted Owls responded less frequently than Northern Spotted Owls overall.

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Are Barred Owls Displacing Spotted Owls?

The Condor ◽

10.1093/condor/105.1.45 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 105 (1) ◽

pp. 45-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Elizabeth G. Kelly ◽

Eric D. Forsman ◽

Robert G. Anthony

Keyword(s):

Pacific Northwest ◽

Current Status ◽

Spotted Owl ◽

Strix Occidentalis ◽

Strix Varia ◽

The Pacific ◽

Spotted Owls ◽

Before And After ◽

Strix Occidentalis Caurina ◽

Barred Owls

Abstract Barred Owls (Strix varia) have expanded their range into the Pacific Northwest, and anecdotal evidence suggests that they may be displacing the federally threatened Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). Our objectives were to describe the current status of Barred Owls in Oregon and compare occupancy of Spotted Owls in historic Spotted Owl territories before and after Barred Owls were first detected in those territories. Between 1974 and 1998, we estimated that 706 different Barred Owl territories were located in Oregon. From 1989–1998 an average of 60 new Barred Owl territories were located in Oregon each year. In Spotted Owl demographic study areas in Oregon and Washington, Barred Owl detections increased at Spotted Owl territories from 1987–1999. Occupancy of Spotted Owl territories declined after Barred Owls were detected within 0.80 km of the territory center. When Barred Owls were detected 0.81–2.40 km from Spotted Owl territory centers, occupancy of Spotted Owls was only marginally less than at territories without Barred Owls. This suggests that the frequency and intensity of interactions between the two species is negatively associated with distance between them. Our results suggest that land managers and regulatory agencies should regard Barred Owls as a threat to Spotted Owls, particularly if Barred Owls continue to increase in number as they have during the past 25 years. ¿Está Strix varia Desplazando a Strix occidentalis caurina? Resumen. Desde su expansión hacia el Pacífico Noroeste, existe evidencia anecdótica de que Strix varia podría estar desplazando a S. occidentalis caurina. Nuestros objetivos fueron describir el estatus actual de S. varia en Oregon y comparar la ocurrencia de S. occidentalis caurina en sus territorios históricos antes y después de que S. varia se detectó por primera vez en dichos territorios. Entre 1974 y 1998, estimamos que se confirmaron 706 territorios diferentes de S. varia en Oregon. Entre 1989 y 1998, se localizaron en promedio 60 nuevos territorios de S. varia anualmente. En áreas con estudios demográficos de S. occidentalis caurina en Oregon y Washington, las detecciones de S. varia en territorios de S. occidentalis caurina se incrementaron entre 1987 y 1999. En comparación con territorios sin S. varia, la ocupación de territorios de S. occidentalis caurina disminuyó luego de que se detectaron individuos de S. varia a menos de 0.80 km del centro del territorio. Cuando se detectaron individuos de S. varia entre 0.81 y 2.40 km del centro de los territorios, la ocupación de éstos fue sólo marginalmente menor que en territorios sin S. varia. Esto sugiere que la frecuencia e intensidad de la interacción entre las dos especies está asociada con la distancia entre ellas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que las autoridades ambientales y de regulación deben considerar a S. varia como una amenaza para S. occidentalis caurina, particularmente si los números de S. varia se siguen incrementando como en los últimos 25 años.

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Reply to the comment by Franklin et al. on “Are survival rates for northern spotted owls biased?”Appears in Can. J. Zool. 83: 1386–1390.

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z06-130 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 84 (9) ◽

pp. 1380-1382

Author(s):

Craig Loehle ◽

Larry Irwin

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Recent Work ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

The Body ◽

Strix Occidentalis ◽

True Value ◽

Spotted Owls ◽

Strix Occidentalis Caurina ◽

Northern Spotted Owls

We reply to Franklin et al.’s critique of our recent work in which we computed survival for northern spotted owls ( Strix occidentalis caurina (Merriam, 1898)) from sites in western Oregon and northern California based on 197 radio-collared owls. Several methods gave similar results and we noted that our estimated survival rates might be closer to the true value than those derived from mark–recapture studies. We included an errant reference to Anthony et al. (Wildl. Monogr. No. 163, pp. 1–47 (2006)) in comments about bias in prior estimates of survival and hence of λ, a mistake for which we published an erratum. In spite of our erratum, Franklin et al. correct our presumed misunderstanding of the re-parameterized Jolly–Seber methods used in the article by Anthony et al. We never intended our comments to refer to the article by Anthony et al. The commentary also states that we overestimated survival because birds that left the study area might actually have died simultaneously with radio-collar destruction. However, in our earlier paper, we stated quite clearly that the fate of virtually every bird was accounted for by tracking them down if they left the study area or until the body was found if dead. They secondarily state that birds that emigrated might have a higher mortality rate and cited as evidence a study based on four owls. We do not consider that study sufficient to determine whether mortality rates for emigrating owls may be elevated. We also dispute several other criticisms but concur with them that several issues related to owl demography could benefit from further study.

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