The Art of Handing Over: (Mis)Managing Party Leadership Successions

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Bynander ◽  
Paul 't Hart
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Party Leadership ◽  
Classic Problem ◽  
Government Leadership ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Democratic Systems ◽  
Orderly Transition ◽  
Fierce Competition

SECURING ORDERLY TRANSITION OF POWER FROM ONE RULER TO another is a classic problem for polities of any kind. Historically, ruler succession episodes were often marred by fierce competition and infighting among members of the ruling elite. Even in stable democratic systems with effective electoral and other procedures for replacing heads of government, leadership rotation within political parties retains some of these brutal qualities. Party leadership successions are mostly ad hoc affairs, frequently rooted in either the incumbent's state of mind, dissatisfaction with the incumbent's performance within the party, or internal power struggles. Comparative studies find that party leadership successions often generate widespread uncertainty, agony and even trauma within parties and thus they weaken rather than consolidate or strengthen a party's public support base.

Perceptions of Extremaduran Firms Towards Innovation

2018 ◽  
pp. 290-312
Author(s):  
Beatriz Corchuelo Martínez-Azúa ◽  
Francisco J. Mesías ◽  
Ahmed Elghannam
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
Deep Sense ◽  
Innovation Policies

Innovation is an important source of economic growth and a key to the competitiveness of firms, which are the main agents of innovation systems. The main objective of this chapter is to analyse, in a deep sense, the perceptions of Extremaduran towards innovation and their relation with the financial public support received and the main public actions that firms demand in order to reduce such obstacles differentiating by manufacturing firms and Knowledge Intensive Business Sector (KIBS). To do this, we analyse specific questions of an ad hoc survey focused on issues not covered by other Spanish or international surveys about innovation. Data were collected in 2013 from a representative sample of manufacturing and KIBS companies in Extremadura. Among different sectors, certain differences were observed in the perceived obstacles and public actions sought by companies that can be considered to carry out modifications in current innovation policies, especially on a regional scale.

scholarly journals Selection criteria for flagship species by conservation organizations

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT HOME ◽  
CLAUDIA KELLER ◽  
PETER NAGEL ◽  
NICOLE BAUER ◽  
MARCEL HUNZIKER
Keyword(s):  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Flagship Species ◽  
Local Conservation ◽  
Public Preferences ◽  
Conservation Organizations ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Specific Conservation

SUMMARYFlagship species are among key marketing tools used by conservation organizations to motivate public support, but are often selected in an ad hoc, rather than systematic, manner. Furthermore, it is unclear whether selected flagship species do motivate public support. This paper describes a multi-method exploratory study, carried out in Switzerland, which aimed to determine the selection criteria for flagship species and measure whether a species selected according to these criteria was able to motivate support. Fourteen representatives of international, regional and local conservation organizations were interviewed and the selection criteria for their flagship species were identified. A charismatic species (the great spotted woodpecker) that meets these criteria and an apparently less charismatic species (the clover stem weevil) were selected as treatments in a quantitative experiment with 900 respondents. Using conjoint analysis, it was found that both charismatic and uncharismatic species have the ability to positively influence public preferences for habitat variables that encourage biodiversity in urban landscapes. These results may be used by conservation organizations to assist in the selection of flagship species, and in particular for flagship species that are intended to perform a specific conservation function.

Legislative Politics in Connecticut

1954 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Duane Lockard
Keyword(s):  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
Legislative Politics ◽  
Group Leaders ◽  
Party Leadership ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Cohesive Group ◽  
Legislative Policy

Although there is a voluminous literature on the organization and procedure of state legislatures, material on their politics is relatively sparse. The classic work of A. Lawrence Lowell, now more than a half-century old, still appears to be the chief reliance of scholars in the field. Lowell's thesis was that parties were relatively insignificant in state legislatures; virtually the whole of the subsequent literature agrees with this. In the case of the Connecticut legislature, it would seem that parties, far from being relatively insignificant, play a dominating role.The study of party influence in a legislature necessitates a two-level approach: analysis of the role of the party leadership and of the voting behavior of the party membership. Several questions must be answered with regard to the party leadership. Are the party leaders an identifiable and cohesive group? Do they develop a definite program for legislative consideration? Is their authority shared with factional leaders capable of frequent disruption of the party program? Are committee chairmen or party leaders in the stronger position for actually forming legislative policy? Do pressure group leaders work through the formal party leaders or do they attempt to build ad hoc legislative majorities for their bills through independent action?

Curse Tablets

2021 ◽  
pp. 341-350
Author(s):  
Alexander Hollmann
Keyword(s):  
Ruling Elite ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Intense Competition ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Chariot Racing ◽  
Roman Antiquity ◽  
Fierce Competition

In Greco-Roman antiquity the intense competition (agōn) between opponents in the sporting arena was echoed by an equally fierce competition of magical materials inside and outside the venue. Curse tablets (Gr. katadesmoi, L. defixiones), phylacteries, protective magical texts worn on or near the person, and other magical materials, symbols, and rituals all competed with each other to advance or retard the performance of the competitors in the event. Extant tablets come from the early imperial period to the 6th century ce, but their use in the classical and Hellenistic periods is likely. The extant sport-related tablets contain curses relating to wrestling and running, beast-hunting in the arena (venatio), and chariot-racing in the circus, with tablets relating to the latter predominating. As chariot-racing in the empire became an increasingly high-stakes event and connected with competition among the factions, their supporters, and the ruling elite, the practice of magic to influence outcomes of the races is increasingly mentioned in sources of the period as a source of concern.

The distinctive stance of the King Reports on corporate governance from a global perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-185
Author(s):  
Anna Ramalho
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oecd Principles ◽  
Limited Application ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a perspective on the distinctive stance of the King Report on Corporate Governance in South Africa, 2016 (King IV) in relation to a number of other codes of corporate governance issued globally. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a comparative analysis between King IV and the codes of governance that apply in a select number of the jurisdictions, namely, Australia, Brazil, Malaysia, Nigeria and the UK. The selection of jurisdictions was done with the view of having a sample that is representative of the major global regions. Preference was given to codes that were issued or revised recently. Mention is also made of the G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance where appropriate. Findings The conclusion reached in this paper is that King IV is distinctive from the codes compared to it in this paper in six respects. These include that King IV defines corporate governance as accountable leadership instead of it being a system only and is drafted for positive outcomes instead of compliance; proposes an application regime that is qualitative instead of quantitative; integrates sustainable development into its model for corporate governance instead of treating sustainability as an ad hoc-matter; has applicability across the ecosystem of all organisations instead of limited application to listed or larger companies; and has a has built in a social value system to harness broad public support instead of reliance on bottom-down enforcement. Originality/value The implications of the distinct approach to corporate governance in King IV are explained in the paper and should serve as a premise to reconsider whether the more traditional approaches to corporate governance code development are still appropriate in light of the learning as evidenced in King IV.

scholarly journals Stalin as Imagined by the Population of Soviet Russia in 1920s

2018 ◽  
pp. 833-843
Author(s):  
Mikhail V. Bryantsev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Party Leader ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Party Leadership ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Party Members ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Information Materials

Lenin's illness exacerbated struggles for succession among the ruling elite of Soviet and party leadership. While Trotsky's superiority seemed absolute, Stalin was coming to prominence. Using mechanisms of party influence, Stalin managed to force his opponents to the background and thus by 1926 took the place of the first party leader, to whom the population (mostly party comrades) increasingly turned. However, among the non-party masses there also rose voices of approval for Stalin's policy. It became obvious that he was to be established as Lenin’s sole successor. The task was facilitated by readiness of the population (primarily, peasants) to personify new power. However, analysis of ‘information’ materials, especially those preserved in provincial archives (of Bryansk, Gomel, Kaluga, Orel, and Smolensk) shows an ambiguity in perception of new leader by the population. Left in information vacuum and having little trust in official press, the population put credit in hearsay. Rumors that reached population (party members, before all) were unclear and incomprehensible. Many reprehended demands to harden attitude towards opposition, and even more, methods of combating it. Domestic and foreign policies, which increasingly became associated with Stalin’s name, were also found dissatisfactory. Even 1929 (Stalin’s 50th anniversary) with all praises sung and lip service paid, did not convince the population that Stalin was a worthy heir to Lenin. Any comparison was not in the former’s favor. However, when the collectivization began, Stalin’s figure became odious. The population was repelled by its methods and was not to be reassured by Stalin’s official speeches published in press. Resentment reached such a pitch that rumors sprang up about disagreements among Stalin's comrades-in-arms and even about his death, eagerly awaited by many. Stalin failed to convince even his fellow party members that his claims to the role of party theorist were justified.

The Gorbachev Revolution: The Role of the Political Elite in Regime Disintegration

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lane
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
The Political ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Party Leadership ◽  
Radical Reform

On the basis of personal interviews with 116 members of the political élite of the USSR in its terminal period, conclusions are drawn about influence on political power and reasons for the breakdown of the political system. Unlike democratic transitions grounded on negotiation, the collapse of the USSR was a consequence of a fragmented and highly divided political élite lacking in political and moral cohesion. The driving forces of political change came from within the Party leadership which believed the system to be fundamentally flawed whereas other groups in the ruling élite considered it to be essentially sound. In the absence of a firm political base for radical reform, foreign Western leaders are shown to have been sought as allies for change. In turn their perceived influence exacerbated élite dissension.

scholarly journals Public Financing Support Options to Micro-Enterprises for Innovation

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (14) ◽  
pp. 172-184
Author(s):  
Ilona Beizitere ◽  
Ieva Brence ◽  
Biruta Sloka
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Public Support ◽  
External Funding ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Additional Funding ◽  
Internal Financing ◽  
Services Innovation ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Micro Enterprises

Innovation related to the technological advances of entrepreneurship are essential in Industry 4.0. The availability of sufficient funding is one of the factors promoting innovations in companies. Therefore the issue of access to finance remains relevant. The study investigates the availability of public financial support for micro-enterprises - the largest enterprise category in Latvia (approximately 94%), focusing on those for whom the introduction of innovations is essential for their growth. In an ad hoc survey of companies registered in Latvia in nationally defined sectors, entrepreneurs disclosed their sources of funding over the three-year period: 2015-2017. Valid responses from 2511 companies, of them 1879 were micro-enterprises, revealed not only the diversity of their financial sources but also the reluctance of external financiers to support companies willing to innovate. Out of the micro-enterprises surveyed, which required new or additional funding during the three-year period in question, 21% stated that the goal of funding was “the development and introduction of new products or services”. Innovation as an important factor was stated by 28%  micro-enterprises. According to the data processed by SPSS, micro-enterprises still prefer internal financing (64%) among many sources, whereas only 11% of the respondents used public funding. The micro-enterprises, for which innovation is important, relied solely on internal finance (65%), while public support was used by 13%. Based on the results of the study of Latvian companies, the need to improve the availability of financing for micro-enterprises is highlighted by creating a targeted\external funding offer in the form of a financial instrument based on public finance support.

scholarly journals Interjurisdictional Cooperation through Bargaining: The Case of the Guangzhou–Zhuhai Railway in the Pearl River Delta, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 213 ◽  
pp. 130-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Xu ◽  
Anthony G.O. Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Consensus Building ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Path Dependencies ◽  
Transitional Society ◽  
The Pearl River ◽  
Fierce Competition ◽  
Market Relations ◽  
Case Basis

AbstractInterjurisdictional cooperation has emerged as a major recent trend in China in response to challenges from market reforms and globalization. However, given that cities are in fierce competition with one another, interjurisdictional cooperation presents many difficulties for policy making. This paper attempts to examine how cooperative partnerships can be developed, sustained, or even resisted. It uses the Guangzhou–Zhuhai Railway as a case study to explore the institutional configuration of such a practice and to understand how the historical contingencies and path-dependencies in a transitional society interact with intensive bargaining to influence partnership building. It argues that the lack of a formal institutional framework to facilitate horizontal networking forces actors to opt for ad hoc collaborative arrangements. With the objective of making joint projects workable, commitments for cooperation have to be negotiated on a case-by-case basis through extensive bargaining. Although this creates much flexibility in consensus building, it does not guarantee success: success depends on the interplay of inter-ministry politics, interscalar relations, intercity politics and state–market relations. To a certain extent, the Chinese state can go beyond economic logic and shore up its legitimacy by prioritizing development. The post-reform path-dependencies can provide current political leaders with more rather than fewer instruments with which to negotiate interjurisdictional projects, and thus have greater influence over urban and regional economic governance.

scholarly journals Inclusion of Tank Configurations as a Variable in the Cost Optimization of Branched Piped Water Networks

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhil Hooda ◽  
Om Damani
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Design System ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Classic Problem ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Primary Network ◽  
The Cost

Abstract. The classic problem of the capital cost optimization of branched piped networks consists of choosing pipe diameters for each pipe in the network from a discrete set of commercially available pipe diameters. Each pipe in the network can consist of multiple segments of differing diameters. Water networks also consist of intermediate tanks that act as buffers between incoming flow from the primary source and the outgoing flow to the demand nodes. The network from the primary source to the tanks is called the primary network, and the network from the tanks to the demand nodes is called the secondary network. During the design stage, the primary and secondary networks are optimized separately with the tanks acting as demand nodes for the primary network. Typically the choice of tank locations, their elevations, and the set of demand nodes to be served by different tanks, is manually made in an ad-hoc fashion before any optimization is done. It is desirable therefore to include this tank configuration choice in the cost optimization process itself. In this work, we motivate why the choice of tank configuration is important to the design of a network and describe an Integer Linear Program (ILP) model that integrates the same to the standard pipe diameter selection problem. To aid the designers of piped water networks, the improved cost optimization formulation is incorporated in our existing network design system called JalTantra.

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