After September 11: Rethinking Public Health Federalism

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy E. Parmet
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal State ◽  
The Public ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Effective Public Health ◽  
Suspicious Case

In the fall of 2001, the need for a vigorous and effective public health system became more apparent than it had been for many decades. With the advent of the first widescale bioterrorist attack on the United States, the government's obligation to respond and take steps to protect the public health became self-evident.Also obvious was the need for of an effective partnership between federal, state, and local officials. Local officials are almost always on the front lines of the struggle against bioterrorism. They are the first to recognize a suspicious case and to provide testing and treatment for the affected population. At the same time, state officials are needed to support and coordinate local efforts, providing an expertise that may be lacking in many communities, especially smaller ones.But few would doubt that the federal government has a key role to play. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is expected to lead the epidemiological investigation and provide expertise on how to cope with diseases that remain unfamiliar to most physicians.

The Public Health System

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Burris ◽  
Micah L. Berman ◽  
Matthew Penn, and ◽  
Tara Ramanathan Holiday
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health System ◽  
Public Health System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Legal Authority ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
The Public ◽  
System P

This chapter explores the public health system as a whole, including the organizations, activities, and people who promote public health in the United States. It describes the agencies at the federal, state, tribal, local, and territorial levels that have been granted legal authority to act on behalf of public health, including the functions of each agency in promoting public health. The chapter examines the role of the healthcare system within public health and concludes with a short discussion of the evolving effort to improve the public health system through accreditation, governance, and evaluation.

scholarly journals Understanding the Public Discussion About the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention During the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Twitter Data: Text Mining Analysis Study

10.2196/25108 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. e25108
Author(s):  
Joanne Chen Lyu ◽  
Garving K Luli
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Public Discussion ◽  
The Public ◽  
Twitter Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Centers For Disease Control

Background The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a national public health protection agency in the United States. With the escalating impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on society in the United States and around the world, the CDC has become one of the focal points of public discussion. Objective This study aims to identify the topics and their overarching themes emerging from the public COVID-19-related discussion about the CDC on Twitter and to further provide insight into public's concerns, focus of attention, perception of the CDC's current performance, and expectations from the CDC. Methods Tweets were downloaded from a large-scale COVID-19 Twitter chatter data set from March 11, 2020, when the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic, to August 14, 2020. We used R (The R Foundation) to clean the tweets and retain tweets that contained any of five specific keywords—cdc, CDC, centers for disease control and prevention, CDCgov, and cdcgov—while eliminating all 91 tweets posted by the CDC itself. The final data set included in the analysis consisted of 290,764 unique tweets from 152,314 different users. We used R to perform the latent Dirichlet allocation algorithm for topic modeling. Results The Twitter data generated 16 topics that the public linked to the CDC when they talked about COVID-19. Among the topics, the most discussed was COVID-19 death counts, accounting for 12.16% (n=35,347) of the total 290,764 tweets in the analysis, followed by general opinions about the credibility of the CDC and other authorities and the CDC's COVID-19 guidelines, with over 20,000 tweets for each. The 16 topics fell into four overarching themes: knowing the virus and the situation, policy and government actions, response guidelines, and general opinion about credibility. Conclusions Social media platforms, such as Twitter, provide valuable databases for public opinion. In a protracted pandemic, such as COVID-19, quickly and efficiently identifying the topics within the public discussion on Twitter would help public health agencies improve the next-round communication with the public.

De Facto Segregation

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-34
Author(s):  
Richard Rothstein
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Racial Segregation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Income Differences ◽  
The Public ◽  
Federal Housing ◽  
State And Local Government ◽  
State And Local

The United States’ ability to desegregate metropolitan areas is hobbled by historical ignorance. Believing that segregation is de facto, resulting mostly from private prejudice and income differences, policymakers have failed to consider aggressive initiatives that are constitutionally required to remedy state-sponsored de jure segregation. First with the Public Works Administration, later with war housing built for defense-plant workers during World War II, and still later with the explicit acceptance of racial segregation by the 1949 Housing Act, the federal government created separate neighborhoods for blacks and for whites, often in cities that had not previously known such extreme racial segregation. Subsequently, whites left public housing when the Federal Housing Administration financed suburban development with requirements that builders exclude African Americans. Many other federal, state, and local government policies purposefully contributed to segregation but have never been remedied because policymakers are unfamiliar with this history and the obligations it has generated.

What is Public Health Legal Preparedness?

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 672-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D. Moulton ◽  
Richard N. Gottfried ◽  
Richard A. Goodman ◽  
Anne M. Murphy ◽  
Raymond D. Rawson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Public Health System ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Public Health Preparedness ◽  
The Public ◽  
Practical Development

“Public health legal preparedness” is a term born in the ferment, beginning in the late 1990s, that has led to unprecedented recognition of the essential role law plays in public health and, even more recently, in protecting the public from terrorism and other potentially catastrophic health threats.The initial articulation of public health has not kept pace with rapid evolution in the concept and in practical development of public health preparedness itself. This poses the risk that legal preparedness may fall behind construction of general readiness in the public health system—and may, in fact, undercut achievement of comprehensive public health preparedness for massive threats to health in both the United States and world-wide. Inadvertent results might include both negative health impacts and infringement on individual rights.

Introduction: New Perspectives on Public Health Policy

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
James Mohr
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Programs ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
International Perspectives ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Local Agencies

The makers of public health policy face enormous challenges in the twenty-first century. In the past, their field has been imprecisely defined, deeply conflicted, poorly organized, and constantly changing. Lines of responsibility within the field are blurred at best, and groups with similar goals sometimes find themselves at cross-purposes. In the United States, state and local agencies interact with each other, with federal programs, and with powerful private interests. Many decisions that profoundly affect the health of the public are made for reasons largely unrelated to public health per se. Since the human and financial stakes involved in public health policies are immense, these challenges are, to say the least, serious issues. Underlying this volume is the belief that historical analyses and international perspectives can help policymakers understand, and hopefully begin to address, some of those old challenges in new ways.

scholarly journals A Report Card on Prevention Efforts of COVID-19 Deaths in US

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1175
Author(s):  
Ramalingam Shanmugam ◽  
Lawrence Fulton ◽  
Zo Ramamonjiarivelo ◽  
José Betancourt ◽  
Brad Beauvais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
The Government

COVID-19 (otherwise known as coronavirus disease 2019) is a life-threatening pandemic that has been combatted in various ways by the government, public health officials, and health care providers. These interventions have been met with varying levels of success. Ultimately, we question if the preventive efforts have reduced COVID-19 deaths in the United States. To address this question, we analyze data pertaining to COVID-19 deaths drawn from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). For this purpose, we employ incidence rate restricted Poisson (IRRP) as an underlying analysis methodology and evaluate all preventive efforts utilized to attempt to reduce COVID-19 deaths. Interpretations of analytic results and graphical visualizations are used to emphasize our various findings. Much needed modifications of the public health policies with respect to dealing with any future pandemics are compiled, critically assessed, and discussed.

scholarly journals An Econometric Study of the Factors Influencing Participation in Urban and Community Forestry Programs in the United States

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 221-228
Author(s):  
Brandon Wall ◽  
Thomas Straka ◽  
Stephen Miller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
State Government ◽  
Community Forestry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal State ◽  
The Public ◽  
Econometric Methods ◽  
Local Decision ◽  
State And Local

Public participation in urban and community forestry (U&CF) programs in the contiguous 48 states of the United States can be explained by several different factors using econometric methods. The state’s percent of working population, income level, percent of forested land, dominant political affiliation, state government expenditures on education, and the number of communities participating in U&CF programs help explain the public participation rates in the programs. These factors accounted for 52% (R 2= 0.5218) of the variability in public participation in U&CF programs in 2003. Knowing the factors that influence pubic participation in U&CF programs is vital to the success of the program and can assist federal, state, and local decision-makers in planning efforts.

scholarly journals Measuring the Success of the US COVID-19 Vaccine Campaign—It’s Time to Invest in and Strengthen Immunization Information Systems

2021 ◽  
pp. e1-e3
Author(s):  
Jade Benjamin-Chung ◽  
Arthur Reingold
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
The Us ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
State And Local

With the recent US Food and Drug Administration approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the United States has begun COVID-19 vaccine dissemination. The vaccination program is historic in its massive scope and complexity. It requires accurate, real-time estimates of vaccine coverage to assess progress toward achieving herd immunity. Under Operation Warp Speed, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has constructed a federal database, or “data lake,” to monitor vaccine coverage nationwide and ensure that recipients receive both of the necessary doses. The data lake will be managed separately from existing state and local immunization information systems (IISs), which house vaccine data in all 50 states, five cities, the District of Columbia, and eight territories. In an open letter to the Director of the CDC in late 2020, four organizations representing immunization managers and public health officials expressed concerns about the plan to include vaccine recipients’ personal identifier information in the data lake.1 They also urged stronger coordination with IISs. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print Feburary 18, 2021: e1–e3. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306177 )

scholarly journals To shop or shelter? Issue framing effects and social-distancing preferences in the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Deslatte
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Issue Framing ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Alternative Communication ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Information ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Issue Frames

As a result of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19), U.S. federal, state, and local governmental officials have struggled to coordinate consistent, coherent messaging for citizens to social-distance. The pandemic presents an important context for examining alternative communication frames employed by governments. This study presents results from an artefactual survey experiment in which public-health information regarding COVID-19 was transmitted to a panel of U.S. adult respondents via alternative issue frames and messengers. The findings highlight the importance of delivering consistent messages to the public. Public-health frames positively influence citizen preferences for avoiding unnecessary travel. Conversely, economic frames appear to have the opposite effect, increasing the preference to make unnecessary trips to shop. However, federal messengers appear to strengthen the framing effect relative to expert messengers.

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