Effects of Lawn Maintenance on Nutrient Losses Via Overland Flow During Natural Rainfall Events1

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 909-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Porchè L. Spence ◽  
Deanna L. Osmond ◽  
Wesley Childres ◽  
Joshua L. Heitman ◽  
Wayne P. Robarge
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Lawn Maintenance

scholarly journals Technical Note: Monitoring streamflow generation processes at Cape Fear

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia Tauro ◽  
Andrea Petroselli ◽  
Aldo Fiori ◽  
Nunzio Romano ◽  
Maria Cristina Rulli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Hydrological Response ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Streamflow Generation ◽  
Cape Fear ◽  
Hillslope Processes

Abstract. Hillslope processes are fundamental for the comprehension of the hydrological response of natural systems. However, their complexity demands real time and continuous observations. In this paper, we assess the feasibility of studying streamflow generation processes at Cape Fear, a "hybrid" hillslope plot at University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy. Cape Fear is a 7 × 7 m2 confined soil-filled wood-sided plot, whose water fluxes can be continuously monitored. The plot design is simple, yet versatile to test hypotheses on the hydrological response of hillslope areas. The suitability of the plot for investigating runoff generation and hillslope processes is presented through a demonstrative experiment in the case of a natural rainfall event. A combination of traditional and innovative measurement techniques confirms that runoff onset is due to saturation overland flow. Future studies will address the influence of diverse land covers and spatial pathways evolution on the response at the hillslope scale.

LOSSES OF ORGANIC MATTER AND NUTRIENTS BY WATER EROSION IN CASSAVA-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS

1997 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. RUPPENTHAL ◽  
D. E. LEIHNER ◽  
N. STEINMÜLLER ◽  
M. A. EL SHARKAWY
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium ◽  
Runoff Control ◽  
Phosphorus Runoff

Erosion trials under natural rainfall were conducted at two locations in the Andean hillsides of south-west Colombia on moderate slopes. Sediment-bound losses of seven cassava (Manihot esculenta) cropping systems per cropping period ranged from 26 to 1726 kg ha−1 for organic matter, 0.9 to 65.5 kg ha−1 for total nitrogen, 0.03 to 2.1 kg ha−1 for exchangeable magnesium, 0.04 to 2.8 kg ha−1 forexchangeable potassium and 0.004 to 0.8 kg ha−1 for Bray-II phosphorus. Runoff water contributed substantially to total available potassium, magnesium and phosphorus losses. Concentrations of soluble phosphorus in runoff water from heavily eroded continuously clean-tilled fallow plots were slightly higher than from cropped and fertilized plots. Enrichment ratios for sediments from these highly aggregated Inceptisols were low. Sand-sized particles were selectively removed by water erosion. The higher proportion of nutrient losses with run-off water in our study stressed the importance of runoff control along with attempts to control soil losses and thus diminish both nutrient losses and surface water eutrophication.

A review of nitrogen and phosphorus export to waterways: context for catchment modelling

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 757 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Drewry ◽  
L. T. H. Newham ◽  
R. S. B. Greene ◽  
A. J. Jakeman ◽  
B. F. W. Croke
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Riparian Buffers ◽  
Land Use Management ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Event Based

This paper reviews knowledge of nitrogen and phosphorus generation from land use and export to waterways, including studies relevant to Australia. It provides a link between current and future modelling requirements, and the context for incorporation of this knowledge into catchment models for use by catchment managers. Selected catchment models used by catchment managers are reviewed, and factors limiting their application are addressed. The review highlights the importance of dissolved N and P for overland flow and groundwater pathways, for sheep, beef and dairy grazing land use. Consequently, the effectiveness of riparian buffers to remove N and P may not be adequate. Consideration of the effects of rainfall and hydrology, dissolved P and N losses from pastures and event-based catchment-scale loads are therefore important factors that should be incorporated into catchment models. The review shows that it is likely that nutrient losses under Australian dairying conditions have many similarities to worldwide studies. Catchment models need to represent the importance of event-based loads, intensively farmed land use, management and forms of nutrients. Otherwise there is a likelihood of either underestimating nutrient losses, or potentially overestimating the effectiveness of riparian buffers.

scholarly journals The dominant runoff processes on grassland versus bare soil hillslopes in a temperate environment - An experimental study

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Minea ◽  
Gabriela Ioana-Toroimac ◽  
Gabriela Moroşanu
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Antecedent Precipitation ◽  
Temperate Environment ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This paper aimed to investigate the dominant runoff processes (DRP’s) at plot-scale in the Curvature Subcarpathians under natural rainfall conditions characteristic for Romania’s temperate environment. The study was based on 32 selected rainfall-runoff events produced during the interval April–September (2014–2017). By comparing water balance on the analyzed Luvisol plots for two types of land use (grassland vs. bare soil), we showed that DRP’s are mostly formed by Hortonian Overland Flow (HOF), 47% vs. 59% respectively. On grassland, HOF is followed by Deep Percolation (DP, 31%) and Fast Subsurface Flow (SSF, 22%), whereas, on bare soil, DP shows a higher percentage (38%) and SSF a lower one (3%), which suggests that the soil-root interface controls the runoff generation. Concerning the relationship between antecedent precipitation and runoff, the study indicated the nonlinearity of the two processes, more obvious on grassland and in drought conditions than on bare soil and in wet conditions (as demonstrated by the higher runoff coefficients). Moreover, the HOF appeared to respond differently to rainfall events on the two plots - slightly longer lag-time, lower discharge and lower volume on grassland - which suggests the hydrologic key role of vegetation in runoff generation processes.

How useful is experimental hydrology in understanding overland flow and associated transport processes?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
João L.M.P. de Lima
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Research ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Surface Hydrology ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Personal Involvement ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Household Products ◽  
Urban Rural

<p>During the last decades, more and more researchers have concentrated their work on the study of overland flow and associated transport processes: new developments, innovative techniques and breakthroughs are being presented year after year, which is noteworthy. Whilst experimental hydrology has played an important role in many of these studies, it is not always acknowledged the main difficulties, limitations, challenges, but also advantages and opportunities in this study approach.</p><p> </p><p>Bearing on personal involvement in three decades of experimental work in surface hydrology that contributed to improve our understanding of several hydrological processes (e.g. overland flow, sediment transport, rill and interrill erosion, infiltration), this presentation addresses shortly main issues related to the experimental part of that work, conducted in two continents. The work used experimental setups that focused mainly in the study of rainfall-runoff, overland flow and associated transport processes, namely water erosion. Experiments were conducted in natural, agricultural and urban surfaces, both in disturbed and undisturbed conditions or samples. Special attention has been given to mulching, wind-driven rain, and on the use of thermal tracers. The input in field-based studies was natural rainfall, whereas simulated rainfall simulators and/or run-on have been applied within laboratory-based experiments. In fact, the adaptability of rainfall simulators to different temporal and spatial scales allowed many experimental designs to suit specific research objectives.</p><p> </p><p>This presentation highlights the inherent problems and difficulties in conducting studies to encompass such diverse situations as observed in natural and human-modified surfaces. However, the main objective is to stimulate the discussion and enhance understanding of the requirements of experimental research, both in the laboratory and in the field, since that can contribute to achieve further clarifications in surface hydrology. For example, runoff responses of urban, rural and periurban areas are still not well understood. Experimental research is also essential in multidisciplinary approaches aiming at further improving our knowledge on transports associated with runoff (e.g. litter, virus, microbial contaminants, emerging chemicals found in pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, industrial and household products, surfactants, metals).</p>

Watershed models for assessment of hydrological behavior of the catchments: a comparative study

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-281
Author(s):  
Sarvat Gull ◽  
Shagoofta Rasool Shah
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Watershed Model ◽  
Watershed Models ◽  
Hydrological Parameters ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Processing Ability

Abstract Hydrological parameters like overland flow, soil loss and nutrient losses can be studied by using different watershed models. However, all these models vary significantly in their analysis of parameters, input and output flexibility, scale accountability, processing ability, computational efficiency and capability of modeling the changes in catchments. This paper reviews different watershed models used for analyzing overland flow, soil loss and sediment yield with their shortcomings and strengths. These watershed models are described briefly along with their capabilities and shortcomings with their examples of applications, results and comparisons. An outcome of these discussions is presented in tabular format as a screening tool to allow the researchers and decision makers to choose the appropriate watershed model for the specific purpose.

scholarly journals Effect of rock fragment cover on nutrient loss under varied rainfall intensities: a laboratory study

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 390-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanzhi Li ◽  
Dengxing Fan ◽  
Jianzhi Niu ◽  
Guodong Jia ◽  
Jiamei Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Rock Fragment ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Flow Discharge ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Nutrient Conservation

Abstract Surface rock fragments retard overland flow discharge, reduce the runoff generation rate and soil erosion as well as nutrients loss. In Northwest China, a common method for minimizing water, soil, and nutrient losses is the use of rock fragment cover. We used lab stimulation testing to evaluate rock fragment cover efficacy for nutrient conservation. Nutrient losses were determined in both the runoff and sediments under three rain intensities (30, 60 and 90 mm·h−1), four rock fragment covers (0, 10, 20 and 30%) and a slope of 10°. The results showed that rock fragment cover significantly reduced the nutrient losses. Compared with the bare soil control, the rock fragment cover reduced the runoff volume and sediments by 18–38 and 11–69%, respectively, and reduced N and P losses by 9–43 and 16–70%, respectively. These results indicate that rock fragment cover is an effective method for reducing land degradation and improving local environmental conditions.

Relationships Between Fire Severity and Atmospheric and Leaching Nutrient Losses in British Columbia's Coastal Western Hemlock Zone Forests

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Belillas ◽  
MC Feller
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Fuel Load ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Soil Leaching ◽  
Soil Leachate ◽  
Leaching Losses

The relationships between fire severity and fire-induced nutrient losses to the atmosphere and through soil leaching were investigated using small (4m2) plots in logging slash. The study utilized (Pseudotsuga menziesii - Tsuga heterophylla - Thuja plicata) slash in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, in an area where overland flow was negligible. Twenty-two plots containing a range of slash fuel loads were burned, nutrient (N, P, S, K, Mg, and Ca) losses to the atmosphere were measured, and nutrient (N, P, K, ME, and Ca) losses in soil leachate were quantified for the first year postburn. For a given nutrient, total (atmospheric plus leachate) fire-induced losses were similar to atmospheric losses and could be reliably predicted from them due to the relatively low magnitude of leaching losses; Leaching losses were generally poorly related to atmospheric losses. Total, atmospheric, and most leaching losses increased as fire severity (defined as fuel consumption) increased. Nutrient losses were better estimated from fuel consumption variables than they were predicted from fuel load variables. As most of the results of the study were consistent with those of studies conducted elsewhere, these results likely apply to a wider geographic area and range of fire situations than those of the present study. The effort and cost of assessing total fire-induced losses in, at least, North American conifer forests can be minimized, without sacrificing much accuracy, by not measuring fire-induced soil leaching losses, but assuming these are 5-20 kg/ha, depending on the nutrient and the severity of the fire. If nutrient leaching into water bodies is to be quantified, then measurement of leaching losses would be necessary.

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