scholarly journals Inactivation of indicator organisms in wastewater treated by a high rate algal pond system

2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 577-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Young ◽  
N. Buchanan ◽  
H. J. Fallowfield
Keyword(s):  
High Rate ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Pond System

Experimental study of high rate pond system treating piggery wastewater

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baozhen Wang ◽  
Wenyi Dong ◽  
Jinlan Zhang ◽  
Xiangdong Cao
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Flow Pattern ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Piggery Wastewater ◽  
Hydraulic Flow ◽  
Pond System ◽  
Economic Analyses

The results of an experimental study conducted in a full-scale high rate pond system treating piggery wastewater at Jianfengshan Piggery, Panyu City, Guandong Province, are presented. The system consists of two advanced anaerobic ponds (AAP) in parallel, followed by an anaerobic transformation pond (ATP) and a five-cell algae-bacterial pond (ABP). The mechanism of the AAP is described and the hydraulic flow pattern analyzed. Fermentation pits (FP) built on the bottom performed very efficiently, operating like UASB in principle. A new concept of ATP is advanced, based on its ability to transform poorly degradable materials to more easily degradable ones. It was found in the study that the HRP system was more efficient, more reliable and saved 40% land area compared with a conventional pond system. Economic analyses of both the energy consumption and the benefit to the pond system of fish farming are also included in the paper.

A Study of the Performance of a High-Rate Photosynthetic Pond System

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 237-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Pinheiro ◽  
M. T. Reis ◽  
J. M. Novais
Keyword(s):  
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Purple Sulfur Bacteria ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Pond System ◽  
Sulfur Bacteria ◽  
Colour Changes ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

Colour changes and other marked disturbances were observed at a high-rate photosynthetic pond system at Alcochete, Portugal. Previous chemical and microbiological tests made it possible to attribute these occurrences to the proliferation of purple sulfur bacteria, following the probable production of sulfide inside the ponds by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Results from more recent tests and observations are presented, which confirm the earlier conclusions, in addition to revealing a number of inadequacies in the ponds chosen operating conditions, which are in all probability at the origin of the observed disturbances. Corrective actions planned include a more efficient mixing of pond contents, the strict prevention of contamination with salty estuarine waters and the control of residence times and bottom sludge accumulation.

Removal of bacterial and viral faecal indicator organisms in a waste stabilization pond system in Choconta, Cundinamarca (Colombia)

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Campos ◽  
A. Guerrero ◽  
M. Cárdenas
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Bacterial Indicators ◽  
Stabilization Pond ◽  
Waste Stabilization Pond ◽  
Pond System ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
In Series ◽  
Viral Indicators

A major objective for domestic wastewater treatment using waste stabilization pond systems is the removal of pathogenic microorganisms. Traditional evaluation parameters for faecal contamination are the total and faecal coliforms. However, epidemiological studies, environmental resistance and the behaviour in the treatment systems, show that viruses are an important disease agent and even more resistant to disinfection than bacteria. Therefore, it is important to introduce viruses as a faecal indicator and to compare them with the traditional bacterial indicators. A waste stabilization pond system was evaluated in the municipality of Chocontá, Cundinamarca (Colombia), for the removal of faecal indicators (such as Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens) and viruses like F+, somatic and Bacteroides fragilis phages. The system includes two facultative ponds in series with a flow of 1555 m3/day. Samples were collected at the entrance of the system, in the two ponds and from the final effluent. Results show a decrease between 0.3 and 4.7 logarithmic units in the bacterial indicators and between 1 and 4.6 logarithmic units with viral indicators.

Use of an algal consortium of five algae in the treatment of landfill leachate using the high-rate algal pond system

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 953-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emienour-Muzalina Mustafa ◽  
Siew-Moi Phang ◽  
Wan-Loy Chu
Keyword(s):  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Pond System

Performance of a pilot-scale high rate algal pond system treating abattoir wastewater in rural South Australia: nitrification and denitrification

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Evans ◽  
N.J. Cromar ◽  
H.J. Fallowfield
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Nitrogen Loading ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Pond System ◽  
Abattoir Wastewater ◽  
The Impact

As part of a study examining the efficacy of high-rate algal pond treatment of high-strength abattoir wastewater, the impact of pond configuration and loading rate on nitrification was determined. The extent of nitrification in all ponds was consistent with mass balance estimates of oxygen demand and availability. Deeper ponds were more stable nitrifying systems, with shallow ponds displaying greater variation in response to changes in nitrogen loading. In a separate experiment the pond system was modified by covering a part of an in-series HRAP to exclude light, providing conditions suitable for denitrification. Specific denitrification rates were often within the range typical for endogenous carbon sources, with mass balance calculations indicating removals of up to 95%.

Structure of Palladium Single-Crystal Films Prepared by Flash Evaporation onto (001) NaCl Substrates

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 456-457
Author(s):  
L. E. Murr ◽  
G. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystal ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Flash Evaporation ◽  
Optimum Load ◽  
Single Crystal Films ◽  
Crystal Films ◽  
A Current

Palladium single-crystal films have been prepared by Matthews in ultra-high vacuum by evaporation onto (001) NaCl substrates cleaved in-situ, and maintained at ∼ 350° C. Murr has also produced large-grained and single-crystal Pd films by high-rate evaporation onto (001) NaCl air-cleaved substrates at 350°C. In the present work, very large (∼ 3cm2), continuous single-crystal films of Pd have been prepared by flash evaporation onto air-cleaved (001) NaCl substrates at temperatures at or below 250°C. Evaporation rates estimated to be ≧ 2000 Å/sec, were obtained by effectively short-circuiting 1 mil tungsten evaporation boats in a self-regulating system which maintained an optimum load current of approximately 90 amperes; corresponding to a current density through the boat of ∼ 4 × 104 amperes/cm2.

Rapid Freezing of Freeze-Etch Specimens

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 752-755
Author(s):  
A. Elgsaeter ◽  
T. Espevik ◽  
G. Kopstad
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Metal Surface ◽  
Relative Velocity ◽  
Thermal Contact ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Rapid Freezing ◽  
Temperature Decrease ◽  
Freeze Etching

The importance of a high rate of temperature decrease (“rapid freezing”) when freezing specimens for freeze-etching has long been recognized1. The two basic methods for achieving rapid freezing are: 1) dropping the specimen onto a metal surface at low temperature, 2) bringing the specimen instantaneously into thermal contact with a liquid at low temperature and subsequently maintaining a high relative velocity between the liquid and the specimen. Over the last couple of years the first method has received strong renewed interest, particularily as the result of a series of important studies by Heuser and coworkers 2,3. In this paper we will compare these two freezing methods theoretically and experimentally.

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