Oral carcinoma cuniculatum: an unacquainted entity with diagnostic challenges—a case report

Background Oral carcinoma cuniculatum (OCC) is an unacquainted well-differentiated subtype of oral squamous cell carcinoma, which displays unique clinic-pathological features. Up to date, OCC remains rare with about 75 reported cases, and is frequently missed or even misdiagnosed. Case presentation The aim of the present work was: to report a case of OCC in mandibular gingiva and to highlight its main clinic-pathological diagnostic features: with an exophytic cobble-stone surface and a characteristic endophytic burrowing architecture, as well as to differentiate between it and other closely similar lesions including verrucous carcinoma, papillary squamous cell carcinoma, and well-differentiated conventional oral squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusions An accurate diagnosis of OCC entails awareness of the clinicians and pathologists about its entity, proper knowledge of the diagnostic clinical and histopathological evidence, and the ability to differentiate it from closely similar lesions.

miR-31-NUMB Cascade Modulates Monocarboxylate Transporters to Increase Oncogenicity and Lactate Production of Oral Carcinoma Cells

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is among the leading causes of cancer-associated death worldwide. miR-31 is an oncogenic miRNA in OSCC. NUMB is an adaptor protein capable of suppressing malignant transformation. Disruption of the miR-31-NUMB regulatory axis has been demonstrated in malignancies. Mitochondrial dysfunction and adaptation to glycolytic respiration are frequent events in malignancies. Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) function to facilitate lactate flux in highly glycolytic cells. Upregulation of MCT1 and MCT4 has been shown to be a prognostic factor of OSCC. Here, we reported that miR-31-NUMB can modulate glycolysis in OSCC. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing strategy, we identified increases in oncogenic phenotypes, MCT1 and MCT4 expression, lactate production, and glycolytic respiration in NUMB-deleted OSCC subclones. Transfection of the Numb1 or Numb4 isoform reversed the oncogenic induction elicited by NUMB deletion. This study also showed, for the first time, that NUMB4 binds MCT1 and MCT4 and that this binding increases their ubiquitination, which may decrease their abundance in cell lysates. The disruptions in oncogenicity and metabolism associated with miR-31 deletion and NUMB deletion were partially rescued by MCT1/MCT4 expression or knockdown. This study demonstrated that NUMB is a novel binding partner of MCT1 and MCT4 and that the miR-31-NUMB-MCT1/MCT4 regulatory cascade is present in oral carcinoma.

Varlitinib induced differential Protein Expression analysis on oral carcinoma cell line: A therapeutic approach

Receptor-ligand complex mediated signaling significantly contributesin cellular activities such as growth, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. However, augmented expression of signal transducing receptors and ligands is the most frequent molecular event and major hallmark of oral carcinogenesis. Among these receptors, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) with intracellular tyrosine kinase activity is the most frequently overexpressed molecule by Squamous epithelial cells of oral cavity. Aberrated EGFR mediated signaling has laid the foundation of targeted therapy thus providing rationale for the conducted study. We have selected EGFR pathway as targeted intracellular signaling cascade inOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Deactivating EGFR by blocking the binding sites is likely to result in prevention of intracellular downstream signaling. In this context, Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) have come into play. Quinazolines (aromatic heterocyclic compounds) and their derivatives have shown promising clinical outcomes. Present study focused to investigate anti-EGFR potential of quinazoline derivative, varlitinib-a pan-EGFR inhibitor on oral squamous epithelial cell lines. We performed proteomic analyses to identify differential expression pattern of proteins in SCC-25 cells in response to varlitinib treatment. Identified proteins include Binding Immunoglobulin Protein (BiP), Heat Shock Protein 7C (HSP7C), Protein Disulfide Isomerase 1 A (PDIA1), Vimentin (VIME), Keratin type I Cytoskeletal 14 (K1C14), and β-Actin (ACTB). Among these, five proteinswere found to be downregulated upon varlitinib treatment whereas only Keratin type I Cytoskeletal 14 was upregulated. Differential expression of proteins and possible role of varlitinib as potential antitumor drug in oral carcinoma is discussed.

Rare presentation of gingival squamous cell carcinoma of maxillary posterior region mimicking pyogenic granuloma in a non-smoker – A case report

Gingival Squamous cell carcinoma (GSCC) in maxilla is a rare malignant neoplasm especially when compared with mandible. The most common sites of oral carcinoma are being the lateral border of the tongue and the floor of the mouth which is followed by palate, buccal mucosa and rarely in gingiva. The clinical picture of oral carcinoma can be misguided for gingival overgrowth, desquamative lesions, traumatic ulcers or even pyogenic granuloma. Maxillary oral gingival carcinoma is a rare entity especially in a non-smoker. In this case report, a 70-year-old male patient presented with a gingival lesion in maxilla 24,25 region mimicking pyogenic granuloma without having a tobacco history. A thorough clinical, radiographical and histopathological examination was done and led to the diagnosis of GSCC and the treatment was initiated.Creating awareness among practitioners about gingival squamous cell carcinoma mimicking pyogenic granuloma in dental practice.

Đánh giá một số đặc điểm lâm sàng và cận lâm sàng bệnh nhân ung thư biểu mô khoang miệng

Đặt vấn đề: Ung thư biểu mô khoang miệng là một trong những ung thư thường gặp nhất của hệ đầu mặt cổ và là một trong tám loại ung thư phổ biến nhất theo Tổ chức Y tế Thế giới, tỷ lệ mắc bệnh sẽ tăng lên trong tương lai. Mặc dù các phương tiện chẩn đoán và điều trị đã phát triển nhưng tiên lượng bệnh vẫn còn kém, nguyên nhân chủ yếu là do sự di căn hạch vùng. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Mô tả tiến cứu, cắt ngang trên 32 bệnh nhân được chẩn đoán ung thư biểu mô khoang miệng được điều trị tại khoa Răng Hàm Mặt Bệnh viện Trung ương Huế từ tháng 7/2015 đến tháng 7/2016. Kết quả: Độ tuổi hay gặp là 51 - 60 tuổi, tỷ lệ nam/nữ là 1,9/1, khối u hay gặp ở lưỡi (40,6%) và sàn miệng (34,4%), đa số khối u không xâm lấn tổ chức lân cận và có đường kính lớn hơn 2 cm (> 80%). Tỷ lệ di căn hạch vùng là 43,8% và có mối tương quan thuận giữa tỷ lệ di căn hạch với kích thước u (p < 0,05). Loại mô bệnh học chủ yếu là ung thư biểu mô tế bào vảy. Sự khác nhau về tỷ lệ di căn hạch vùng ở những nhóm bệnh nhân có độ mô học khác nhau không có ý nghĩa thống kê (p > 0,05). Kết luận: Kích thước u càng lớn thì tỷ lệ di căn hạch vùng càng cao. Không có mối liên quan giữa tỷ lệ di căn hạch vùng với độ mô học của ung thư biểu mô khoang miệng. ABSTRACT EVALUATION OF CLINICAL AND PARACLINICAL FEATURES IN PATIENTS WITH CARCINOMA OF ORAL CAVITY HISTOPATOLOGY FEATURE OF ORAL CAVITY CARCINOMA Background: Oral carcinoma is one of the most common cancers of the head and neck region. It is one of the eight most common cancers according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the incidence of which will increase in the future. Although the means of diagnosis and treatment have developed, the prognosis is still poor, mainly due to regional lymph node metastasis. Materials and Methods: From July 2015 to July 2016, 32 patients with carcinoma of the oral cavity at Hue Central Hospital Results: The most common age group is from 51 to 60 years old and the male/female ratio is 1.9/1. Tumor places are usually observed around the the tongue (40.6%) and oral floor (34.4%). Most of the tumor size is larger than 2 cm diameters (> 80%). The regional lymph node metastasis rate is 43,8% and there is a positive correlation between lymph node metastasis and tumor sizea (p < 0,05). Squamous - cell carcinoma is mainly type of histopathology. Difference between the rate of lymph node metastasis in patient groups with different histopathological grade shows no statistical significance (p > 0,05). Conclusion: The greater tumor becomes, the higher regional lymph node metastasis rate increase. There is no relationship between lymph node metastasis rate and histopathological grade of oral carcinoma. Keywords: Carcinoma of oral cavity, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, histopathology.

Oral Carcinoma and Therapeutic Approaches of Nanotechnology: From Fundamental Concepts, Incidence, Molecular Mechanism to Emerging Treatment Techniques

Oral carcinoma is the most general, with a large fatality rate and aggressive cancer that can cause metastasis as it attacks other tissues. The prevalence of carcinoma is a multistep method, requiring the collection of many hereditary changes influenced by a patient's hereditary predisposition and environmental effects, including nicotine, alcoholic beverages, chronic infection, and viral contamination. The data were searched using focal keywords, including oral cancer, molecular mechanisms, treatments, and nanotechnology, through various search engines and the Pubmed database. There are two major types of carcinogenesis genetic manipulation, i.e., tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. Tumor suppression genes can be inactivated throughout genetic phenomena, such as mutations, loss of heterozygosity, deletion, or epigenetic alterations such as methylation of DNA or dynamic modification of chromatin. Oncogenes can be activated through overexpression due to gene amplification, enhanced transcription, or a variation in structure due to mutation, leading to enhanced transforming activity. The current review focused on enhancing cancer therapy techniques using nanomedicines, including nanoscale medicine transfer systems' design, characterization, production, and utilization. Instruments for diagnostic investigations and medical devices are for nanotechnologies-based therapies are polymeric nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, gold nanoparticles, and cyclodextrin complexes, which are promising apparatuses for symptomatic tests and helpful treatment gadgets. The present investigation's keen interest was the molecular mechanisms of oral carcinogenesis and the application of biologic therapies to target altered molecules in oral carcinoma and nano-based drug delivery system.