Frequent delayed spontaneous seroclearance of hepatitis B virus after incident HBV infection among adult high‐risk groups

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Daniela K. Santen ◽  
Anders Boyd ◽  
Sylvia Bruisten ◽  
Gerard JB Sonder ◽  
Maria Prins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
B Virus

scholarly journals Challenges in the Application of Glyco-Technology to Hepatitis B Virus Therapy and Diagnosis

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1860
Author(s):  
Tsunenori Ouchida ◽  
Shinji Takamatsu ◽  
Megumi Maeda ◽  
Tatsuya Asuka ◽  
Chiharu Morita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B ◽  
Protein Modification ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
B Virus

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major pathogen that causes acute/chronic hepatitis. Continuous HBV infection can lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although several different anti-HBV treatments are available for chronic hepatitis B patients, discontinuing these medications is difficult. Patients with chronic hepatitis B at high risk for HCC therefore require close observation. However, no suitable biomarkers for detecting high-risk groups for HCC exist, except for serum HBV-DNA, but a number of HCC biomarkers are used clinically, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and protein induced by vitamin K absence-II (PIVKA-II). Glycosylation is an important post-translational protein modification involved in many human pathologic conditions. HBV surface proteins contain various oligosaccharides, and several reports have described their biological functions. Inhibition of HBV glycosylation represents a potential novel anti-HBV therapy. It is thought that glycosylation of hepatocytes/hepatoma cells is also important for HBV infection, as it prevents HBV from infecting cells other than hepatocytes, even if the cells express the HBV receptor. In this review, we summarize considerable research regarding the relationship between HBV and glycosylation as it relates to the development of novel diagnostic tests and therapies for HBV.

Adolescent booster with hepatitis B virus vaccines decreases HBV infection in high-risk adults

Vaccine ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1064-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuting Wang ◽  
Taoyang Chen ◽  
Ling-ling Lu ◽  
Minjie Wang ◽  
Dongmei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
B Virus

scholarly journals Heterosexual Transmission of Hepatitis B and Implications for Vaccine Prevention Strategies

1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (suppl a) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam J Alter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus Infection ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Homosexual Activity

Since 1985, cases of hepatitis B virus infection attributable to heterosexual activity have increased by 38%, whereas those attributable to homosexual activity have declined by 62%, Heterosexual activity now accounts for 26% of cases and has replaced homosexual activity in importance as a risk factor for hepatitis B. For heterosexuals, the number of recent (ie, in the preceding four to six months) and lifetime sex partners, as well as a history of other sexually transmitted diseases (eg. syphilis) appear to be significantly associated with increased hepatitis B virus infection. Of equal concern is the rising number of cases among parenteral drug users in the United States and some minority groups, including blacks, Hispanics and Asians. Hepatitis B prevention by administering hepatitis B vaccine to high risk groups before exposure to infection has not been successful, and at least 30% of hepatitis B cases in the United States have no identifiable risk factors. Thus, participation in the current programs which target only high risk groups is not possible. The ideal immunization strategy is integration of hepatitis B vaccine in to the routine childhood immunization schedule.

Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus From a Surgeon to his Patients During High-Risk and Low-Risk Surgical Procedures During 4 Years

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 306-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid J. B. Spijkerman ◽  
Leen-Jan van Doorn ◽  
Maria H. W. Janssen ◽  
Clementine J. Wijkmans ◽  
Marijke A. J. Bilkert-Mooiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Secondary Transmission ◽  
Hbv Markers ◽  
B Virus

Objective:We investigated cases of acute hepatitis B in The Netherlands that were linked to the same general surgeon who was infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV).Design:A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 1,564 patients operated on by the surgeon. Patients were tested for serologic HBV markers. A case–control study was performed to identify risk factors.Results:The surgeon tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) with a high viral load. He was a known nonresponder after HBV vaccination and had apparently been infected for more than 10 years. Forty-nine patients (3.1%) were positive for HBV markers. Transmission of HBV from the surgeon was confirmed in 8 patients, probable in 2, and possible in 18. In the remaining 21 patients, the surgeon was not implicated. Two patients had a chronic HBV infection. One case of secondary transmission from a patient to his wife was identified. HBV DNA sequences from the surgeon were completely identical to sequences from 7 of the 28 patients and from the case of secondary transmission. The duration of the operation and the occurrence of complications during or after surgery were identified as independent risk factors. Although the risk of HBV infection during high-risk procedures was 7 times higher than that during low-risk procedures, at least 8 (28.6%) of the 28 patients were infected during low-risk procedures.Conclusions:Transmission of HBV from surgeons to patients at a low rate can remain unnoticed for a long period of time. Prevention requires a more stringent strategy for vaccination and testing of surgeons and optimization of infectious disease surveillance. Policies allowing HBV-infected surgeons to perform presumably low-risk procedures should be reconsidered.

Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Tonga: Identifying High Risk Groups for Immunization with Hepatitis B Vaccine

1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT B WAINWRIGHT ◽  
BRIAN J MCMAHON ◽  
THOMAS R BENDER ◽  
WILLIAM L HEYWARD ◽  
STEVEN NAKANISHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccine ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus Infection ◽  
B Virus

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Bangladesh: Prevalence among General Population, Risk Groups and Genotype Distribution

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. uz-Zaman ◽  
Ayesha Rahman ◽  
Mahmuda Yasmin
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
General Population ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Hbv Prevalence

Despite a considerable body of published research on hepatitis B in Bangladesh, researchers continue to lament the lack of reliable information about hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection epidemiology. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive survey of the literature with particular focus on a number of epidemiological questions, as well as a commentary on the trends of hepatitis B research as it has taken place in Bangladesh. The key themes to emerge from this review are: first, beyond noting a declining trend, it is difficult to provide conclusive estimates about HBV prevalence in the general population of Bangladesh. The majority of the studies, even the ones conducted on apparently healthy populations, fail to be adequately representative for the reasons explored in the article. Secondly, HBV infection in Bangladesh is sharply stratified across sociodemographic lines, which speaks to the role of awareness and risk exposure in HBV prevalence. Third, more research on occult infection rates is required to estimate the extent of risk posed by the current blood donation screening program, which relies exclusively on hepatitis B surface antigen as a biomarker. The same considerations apply for the comparative importance of vertical versus horizontal transmission and prevalence among particular risk groups like healthcare workers with high occupational exposure. Finally, while recent studies do allow us, albeit with some ambiguity, to draw conclusions about distribution of HBV genotypes in Bangladesh, there needs to be an added emphasis on molecular epidemiology. It is hoped that the present review, the first of its kind in Bangladesh, will serve as an up-to-date summary of the course HBV epidemiology research in Bangladesh has taken thus far, as well as crucial gaps to address going forward.

scholarly journals Knowledge attitude and practice on prevention of hepatitis B infection among medical students of a tertiary care centre in Tamil Nadu, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 492
Author(s):  
Vasantha Mallika M. C. ◽  
Sivaanusuya S.
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Background: Hepatitis B infection is a serious global public health problem. About two billion people are infected with hepatitis B Virus (HBV) all over the world. The prevalence of HBV infection in India is 4%(2%-8%) with more prevalence among health care workers. Medical students represent a group that is at high-risk for acquiring and spreading hepatitis B infection. Despite increasing prevalence of HBV infection, there is paucity of knowledge, attitude and practice on HBV among medical students. Objective of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices on prevention of hepatitis B infection among medical students of Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences, Kulasekharam.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 205 MBBS students using a pretested self-administered questionnaire for assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practice on prevention of HBV infection after obtaining informed consent from the participants.Results: Among 205 MBBS students, correct response towards Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices were given by 77.07%, 77.56%, and 76.59% respectively, 79.5% of the students were fully vaccinated; 20.5% were partially vaccinated against Hepatitis B Virus infection.Conclusions: The medical students are at a very high risk of contracting HBV infection during their training period in view of low HBV vaccine uptake rate and high chance of accidental exposure to blood infected with HBV. Creating awareness among medical students on various aspects of Hepatitis B infection through health education programs before their exposure in medical colleges and subjecting them to active immunization against HBV are mandatory to control the spread of Hepatitis B viral infection.

Prospects for Control of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Implications of Childhood Vaccination and Long-term Protection

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-173
Author(s):  
Cladd E. Stevens ◽  
Pearl T. Toy ◽  
Patricia E. Taylor ◽  
Thomas Lee ◽  
Hoo-Yi Yip
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccine ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
B Virus

Hepatitis B vaccine has been recommended for high-risk individuals in the United States for more than a decade. This targeted strategy, however, has failed to control hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Universal immunization is being considered as an alternative approach, in particular the inclusion of hepatitis B vaccine with routine childhood vaccinations. Data presented herein demonstrate a high degree of efficacy for hepatitis vaccine with hepatitis B immune globulin in preventing perinatal HBV infection in newborns. Immune response to vaccine was dependent in part on the dose administered, with some enhancement of response if the infant was older at the time of initial injection or if the booster dose was given later. Long-term follow-up showed persistence of vaccine-induced antibody for 5 to 10 years in 90% of immunized infants and adults. Only 3% to 5% of these high-risk individuals had serologic evidence of an HBV infection. None of the infections had been symptomatic and none resulted in a chronic HBV carrier state. Thus, immune responses and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in infants were excellent, and immunity and protection against clinically significant HBV infection persisted for at least 5 to 10 years, features essential to success of a program of universal childhood immunization against HBV

Acute hepatitis B: the limits of maintaining patient confidentiality

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 688-689
Author(s):  
K J Quinn ◽  
E J Mccarty ◽  
S P Quah
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Acute Hepatitis ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Acute Hepatitis B

Summary Household contacts of hepatitis B (HBV) are at risk of infection, and guidelines advise vaccination of these contacts in addition to sexual partners (along with traditional high-risk groups). We present a case of intrafamilial transmission of acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) following failure to self-disclose status to family members. Complex confidentiality issues can arise following a diagnosis of HBV infection.

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