According to environmental predictions, West Africa is becoming vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change and land use dis- turbance. Herbaceous vegetation is the most sensitive to these effects. To assess the poten- tial of species to cope with these changes, this study investigated the dispersal potential of different herbaceous species. Data on her- baceous plant composition and environmen- tal parameters were collected along climate, land use and habitat gradients in West Afri- can savannah areas, as well as the diaspores of all herbaceous species encountered. Their traits were described in order to document the diversity of diaspore categories in herbaceous savannah vegetation. Based on an occurrence diagram, variations in dissemination patterns within families were identified. The dispersal potential of each species was determined on the basis of their patterns of dispersal. A hie- rarchical classification method was used to establish a dispersal typology, and principal component analysis was applied to identify the environmental conditions that account for their patterns of dispersal. The results show that the diaspores of herbaceous spe- cies can be classified according to fruit type, diaspore type, presence of heterodiaspory, exposure of diaspores, number of seeds per diaspore, diaspore morphology, shape of diaspores and pattern of dispersal. Poaceae, the most abundant family in savannah areas, have six patterns of dispersal. Most species have more than one pattern, and species with high dispersal potential (85.43%) dominate the herbaceous vegetation. Four groups of herbaceous species were identified according to their dispersal patterns. Potentially epizoo- chorous and anemochorous species (39.25% of the flora) were more related to village areas independently of climatic conditions and habi- tat types. Potentially endozoochorous and dysozoochorous species (31.06% of the flora) were more related to fresh and dry habitats in protected areas of the North and South Suda- nian zones. Potentially hydrochorous species (12.63% of the flora) were related to wet habi- tats but were more prominent in the Sahel, and potentially autochorous species (17.06% of the flora) were more related to bowé habi- tats in the southern Sudanian zone. Our study showed that all herbaceous species have good dispersal potential, which might enable them to persist in West African savannahs despite the severe climatic changes predicted.
Local and regional founder effects in lake zooplankton persist after thousands of years despite high dispersal potential