A Verticillium longisporum pleiotropic drug transporter determines tolerance to the plant host β‐pinene monoterpene

The plant-pathogenic fungus Verticillium longisporum is a causal agent of early senescence and ripening in cruciferous crops like Brassica napus. Verticillium wilts have become serious agricultural threats in recent decades. Verticillium species infect host plants through the roots and colonize xylem vessels of the host plant. The xylem fluid provides an environment with limited carbon sources and unbalanced amino acid supply, which requires V. longisporum to induce the cross-pathway control of amino acid biosynthesis. RNA-mediated gene silencing reduced the expression of the two CPC1 isogenes (VlCPC1-1 and VlCPC1-2) of the allodiploid V. longisporum up to 85%. VlCPC1 encodes the conserved transcription factor of the cross-pathway control. The silenced mutants were highly sensitive to amino-acid starvation, and the infected plants showed significantly fewer symptoms such as stunting or early senescence in oilseed rape plant infection assays. Consistently, deletion of single CPC1 of the haploid V. dahliae resulted in strains that are sensitive to amino-acid starvation and cause strongly reduced symptoms in the plant-host tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The allodiploid V. longisporum and the haploid V. dahliae are the first phytopathogenic fungi that were shown to require CPC1 for infection and colonization of their respective host plants, oilseed rape and tomato.

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The Plant Host Brassica napus Induces in the Pathogen Verticillium longisporum the Expression of Functional Catalase Peroxidase Which Is Required for the Late Phase of Disease

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-08-11-0217 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 569-581 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Seema Singh ◽

Susanna A. Braus-Stromeyer ◽

Christian Timpner ◽

Oliver Valerius ◽

Andreas von Tiedemann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Brassica Napus ◽

Late Phase ◽

Xylem Sap ◽

Plant Host ◽

Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Susceptible Host ◽

Verticillium Longisporum ◽

Advanced Phase ◽

Catalase Peroxidase

The devastating soilborne fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum is host specific to members of the family Brassicaceae, including oilseed rape (Brassica napus) as the economically most important crop. The fungus infects through the roots and causes stunting and early senescence of susceptible host plants and a marked decrease in crop yield. We show here that V. longisporum reacts to the presence of B. napus xylem sap with the production of six distinct upregulated and eight downregulated proteins visualized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Identification of 10 proteins by mass spectrometry revealed that all upregulated proteins are involved in oxidative stress response. The V. longisporum catalase peroxidase (VlCPEA) was the most upregulated protein and is encoded by two isogenes, VlcpeA-1 and VlcpeA-2. Both genes are 98% identical, corroborating the diploid or “amphihaploid” status of the fungus. Knock downs of both VlcpeA genes reduced protein expression by 80% and resulted in sensitivity against reactive oxygen species. Whereas saprophytic growth and the initial phase of the plant infection were phenotypically unaffected, the mutants were not able to perform the late phases of disease. We propose that the catalase peroxidase plays a role in protecting the fungus from the oxidative stress generated by the host plant at an advanced phase of the disease.

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Plant Host Range of Verticillium longisporum and Microsclerotia Density in Swedish Soils

European Journal of Plant Pathology ◽

10.1007/s10658-005-2333-2 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 114 (2) ◽

pp. 139-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Anna Johansson ◽

Jan-Kees C. Goud ◽

Christina Dixelius

Keyword(s):

Host Range ◽

Plant Host ◽

Verticillium Longisporum

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Drug transporter and metabolizing enzyme gene variants and nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor hepatotoxicity.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1054717.506631 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Deanna Kroetz

Keyword(s):

Reverse Transcriptase ◽

Transcriptase Inhibitor ◽

Gene Variants ◽

Drug Transporter ◽

Enzyme Gene ◽

Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor ◽

Metabolizing Enzyme ◽

Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor

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A genome-wide association study of nausea incidence in varenicline-treated cigarette smokers

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntab044 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Meghan J Chenoweth ◽

Caryn Lerman ◽

Jo Knight ◽

Rachel F Tyndale

Keyword(s):

Association Study ◽

Side Effect ◽

Genome Wide Association Study ◽

Genome Wide Association ◽

Common Side Effect ◽

Drug Transporter ◽

Transporter Gene ◽

Cigarette Smokers ◽

Genome Wide ◽

A Genome

Abstract Introduction Varenicline is the most efficacious smoking cessation treatment, however long-term cessation rates tend to be <25%. Nausea, the most common side effect of varenicline, observed in ~28% of individuals treated, peaks early following treatment initiation and reduces cessation success. Genetic variation influences treatment response, however genetic contributors to individual differences in side effects are less understood. Methods We conducted a genome-wide association study of nausea incidence at one week following the initiation of varenicline treatment (corresponding to the target quit date) in 189 cigarette smokers of European ancestry (NCT01314001). Additive genetic models examining the likelihood of experiencing any versus no nausea controlled for population substructure, age, and sex. Variants with minor allele frequencies (MAF) ≥ 10% were considered. Results Fifty-seven (30.2%) out of 189 participants reported nausea. The top variant associated with nausea was rs1568209 (OR=2.61 for A vs. G allele; 95% CI=1.65,4.15; P=2.1e-7; MAF=48.7%), mapping to the SLCO3A1 drug transporter gene on chromosome 15. In the same trial, rs1568209 was not associated with nausea in either the nicotine patch (P=0.56; n=181) or placebo (P=0.59; n=174) arms. In varenicline-treated smokers, the incidence of nausea was higher in females (44.6%; n=74) versus males (20.9%; n=115) (P=0.001), however there was no evidence of a difference in the influence of rs1568209 on nausea between the sexes (P for sex*genotype interaction=0.36). Future studies in larger samples are required to test the robustness of this finding. Conclusions Variation in SLCO3A1 may influence the risk for developing nausea in varenicline-treated smokers, which may alter adherence and cessation. Implications Varenicline-associated nausea reduces adherence and limits cessation success. Previous candidate gene association studies showed genetic factors influence nausea on varenicline. This pilot genome-wide investigation of nausea, the most common side effect associated with varenicline treatment and an importance cause of treatment discontinuation, suggests the potential involvement of common variation in the SLCO3A1 drug transporter gene.

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Chitosan-covered liposomes as a promising drug transporter: nanoscale investigations

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/d0ra08305d ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 1503-1516

Author(s):

Lemaalem Mohammed ◽

Hadrioui Nourddine ◽

El Fassi Saad ◽

Derouiche Abdelali ◽

Ridouane Hamid

Keyword(s):

Membrane Structure ◽

Molar Fraction ◽

Drug Transporter ◽

Liposome Membrane ◽

Structure And Dynamics

In this paper, we studied the graft chitosan conformation and its influence on the liposome membrane structure and dynamics as a function of the grafting molar-fraction.

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Nirogy debuts to drug transporter proteins

C&EN Global Enterprise ◽

10.1021/cen-09904-buscon15 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (4) ◽

pp. 11-11

Author(s):

Ryan Cross

Keyword(s):

Drug Transporter ◽

Transporter Proteins

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Salicylic acid and salicylic acid glucoside in xylem sap of Brassica napus infected with Verticillium longisporum

Journal of Plant Research ◽

10.1007/s10265-009-0237-5 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 122 (5) ◽

pp. 571-579 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Astrid Ratzinger ◽

Nadine Riediger ◽

Andreas von Tiedemann ◽

Petr Karlovsky

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Brassica Napus ◽

Xylem Sap ◽

Verticillium Longisporum ◽

Salicylic Acid Glucoside

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Environmental RNAi pathways in the two-spotted spider mite

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-020-07322-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mosharrof Mondal ◽

Jacob Peter ◽

Obrie Scarbrough ◽

Alex Flynt

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Small Rna ◽

Spider Mite ◽

Genetic Manipulation ◽

Model Organisms ◽

Rnai Pathway ◽

Plant Host ◽

Rnai Technology ◽

Two Spotted Spider Mite ◽

Multicellular Organisms

Abstract Background RNA interference (RNAi) regulates gene expression in most multicellular organisms through binding of small RNA effectors to target transcripts. Exploiting this process is a popular strategy for genetic manipulation and has applications that includes arthropod pest control. RNAi technologies are dependent on delivery method with the most convenient likely being feeding, which is effective in some animals while others are insensitive. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is prime candidate for developing RNAi approaches due to frequent occurrence of conventional pesticide resistance. Using a sequencing-based approach, the fate of ingested RNAs was explored to identify features and conditions that affect small RNA biogenesis from external sources to better inform RNAi design. Results Biochemical and sequencing approaches in conjunction with extensive computational assessment were used to evaluate metabolism of ingested RNAs in T. urticae. This chelicerae arthropod shows only modest response to oral RNAi and has biogenesis pathways distinct from model organisms. Processing of synthetic and plant host RNAs ingested during feeding were evaluated to identify active substrates for spider mite RNAi pathways. Through cataloging characteristics of biochemically purified RNA from these sources, trans-acting small RNAs could be distinguished from degradation fragments and their origins documented. Conclusions Using a strategy that delineates small RNA processing, we found many transcripts have the potential to enter spider mite RNAi pathways, however, trans-acting RNAs appear very unstable and rare. This suggests potential RNAi pathway substrates from ingested materials are mostly degraded and infrequently converted into regulators of gene expression. Spider mites infest a variety of plants, and it would be maladaptive to generate diverse gene regulators from dietary RNAs. This study provides a framework for assessing RNAi technology in organisms where genetic and biochemical tools are absent and benefit rationale design of RNAi triggers for T.urticae.

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The Coevolution of Plants and Microbes Underpins Sustainable Agriculture

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9051036 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1036

Author(s):

Dongmei Lyu ◽

Levini A. Msimbira ◽

Mahtab Nazari ◽

Mohammed Antar ◽

Antoine Pagé ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Community ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Stress Resistance ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Plant Tissues ◽

Terrestrial Plants ◽

Plant Host ◽

Symbiotic Relationships ◽

Wide Range ◽

Terrestrial Environments

Terrestrial plants evolution occurred in the presence of microbes, the phytomicrobiome. The rhizosphere microbial community is the most abundant and diverse subset of the phytomicrobiome and can include both beneficial and parasitic/pathogenic microbes. Prokaryotes of the phytomicrobiome have evolved relationships with plants that range from non-dependent interactions to dependent endosymbionts. The most extreme endosymbiotic examples are the chloroplasts and mitochondria, which have become organelles and integral parts of the plant, leading to some similarity in DNA sequence between plant tissues and cyanobacteria, the prokaryotic symbiont of ancestral plants. Microbes were associated with the precursors of land plants, green algae, and helped algae transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments. In the terrestrial setting the phytomicrobiome contributes to plant growth and development by (1) establishing symbiotic relationships between plant growth-promoting microbes, including rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, (2) conferring biotic stress resistance by producing antibiotic compounds, and (3) secreting microbe-to-plant signal compounds, such as phytohormones or their analogues, that regulate aspects of plant physiology, including stress resistance. As plants have evolved, they recruited microbes to assist in the adaptation to available growing environments. Microbes serve themselves by promoting plant growth, which in turn provides microbes with nutrition (root exudates, a source of reduced carbon) and a desirable habitat (the rhizosphere or within plant tissues). The outcome of this coevolution is the diverse and metabolically rich microbial community that now exists in the rhizosphere of terrestrial plants. The holobiont, the unit made up of the phytomicrobiome and the plant host, results from this wide range of coevolved relationships. We are just beginning to appreciate the many ways in which this complex and subtle coevolution acts in agricultural systems.

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