Reassessing the role of ion homeostasis for improving salinity tolerance in crop plants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahana Basu ◽  
Alok Kumar ◽  
Ibtesham Benazir ◽  
Gautam Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Crop Plants

scholarly journals Beyond Arabidopsis: BBX Regulators in Crop Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 2906
Author(s):  
Urszula Talar ◽  
Agnieszka Kiełbowicz-Matuk
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Abiotic Stress Response ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Photoperiodic Regulation ◽  
Large Families ◽  
Stress Related Genes ◽  
Unique Domain ◽  
Clock Mechanism

B-box proteins represent diverse zinc finger transcription factors and regulators forming large families in various plants. A unique domain structure defines them—besides the highly conserved B-box domains, some B-box (BBX) proteins also possess CCT domain and VP motif. Based on the presence of these specific domains, they are mostly classified into five structural groups. The particular members widely differ in structure and fulfill distinct functions in regulating plant growth and development, including seedling photomorphogenesis, the anthocyanins biosynthesis, photoperiodic regulation of flowering, and hormonal pathways. Several BBX proteins are additionally involved in biotic and abiotic stress response. Overexpression of some BBX genes stimulates various stress-related genes and enhanced tolerance to different stresses. Moreover, there is evidence of interplay between B-box and the circadian clock mechanism. This review highlights the role of BBX proteins as a part of a broad regulatory network in crop plants, considering their participation in development, physiology, defense, and environmental constraints. A description is also provided of how various BBX regulators involved in stress tolerance were applied in genetic engineering to obtain stress tolerance in transgenic crops.

Protective Effect of Ifenprodil Against Spreading Depression in the Mouse Entorhinal Cortex

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 2610-2614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Coutinho Faria ◽  
Istvan Mody
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Entorhinal Cortex ◽  
Spreading Depression ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Nmda Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Nr2b Receptor Subunit ◽  
Nr2b Receptor

In the brain, spreading depression (SD) is characterized by a large extracellular DC shift, a massive failure of ion homeostasis and a transient cessation of neuronal function. Clinically, SD is believed to be involved in various neurological disorders including migraine and cerebrovascular diseases. The propagation of cortical SD requires the release of glutamate, and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a crucial role in this process. Here, we have isolated the NMDA receptor-mediated component of extracellularly recorded field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in layers 2–3 of the entorhinal cortex of murine brain slices. In the absence of GABAA and AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, stimulation of layer 6 afferents every 15–90 s elicited spontaneous SD on average within 18.5 min after the start of the stimulation. In the presence of ifenprodil, an NR2B receptor subunit-selective NMDA receptor antagonist, the occurrence of SD was nearly abolished. Our results are consistent with an important role of NR2B subunits in triggering SD in the entorhinal cortex.

scholarly journals Functional modulation of PTH1R activation and signalling by RAMP2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Nemec ◽  
Hannes Schihada ◽  
Gunnar Kleinau ◽  
Ulrike Zabel ◽  
Eugene O. Grushevskyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Homology Modelling ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Optical Biosensors ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Activated State ◽  
Class B ◽  
Receptor Activity Modifying Proteins ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Receptor-activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) are ubiquitously expressed membrane proteins that associate with different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R), a class B GPCR, and an important modulator of mineral ion homeostasis and bone metabolism. However, it is unknown whether and how RAMP proteins may affect PTH1R function. Using different optical biosensors to measure the activation of PTH1R and its downstream signalling, we describe here that RAMP2 acts as a specific allosteric modulator of PTH1R, shifting PTH1R to a unique pre-activated state that permits faster activation in a ligand-specific manner. Moreover, RAMP2 modulates PTH1R downstream signalling in an agonist-dependent manner, most notably increasing the PTH-mediated Gi3 signalling sensitivity. Additionally, RAMP2 increases both PTH- and PTHrP-triggered β-arrestin2 recruitment to PTH1R. Employing homology modelling we describe the putative structural molecular basis underlying our functional findings. These data uncover a critical role of RAMPs in the activation and signalling of a GPCR that may provide a new venue for highly specific modulation of GPCR function and advanced drug design.

scholarly journals Critical role of WNK1 in MYC-dependent early mouse thymocyte development

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Köchl ◽  
Lesley Vanes ◽  
Miriam Llorian Sopena ◽  
Probir Chakravarty ◽  
Harald Hartweger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Thymocyte Development ◽  
Double Positive ◽  
Mouse Thymocyte ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Tcr Signals ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Early Mouse

WNK1, a kinase that controls kidney salt homeostasis, also regulates adhesion and migration in CD4+ T cells. Wnk1 is highly expressed in thymocytes, and since migration is important for thymocyte maturation, we investigated a role for WNK1 in mouse thymocyte development. We find that WNK1 is required for the transition of double negative (DN) thymocytes through the β-selection checkpoint and subsequent proliferation and differentiation into double positive (DP) thymocytes. Furthermore, we show that WNK1 negatively regulates LFA1-mediated adhesion and positively regulates CXCL12-induced migration in DN thymocytes. Despite this, migration defects of WNK1-deficient thymocytes do not account for the developmental arrest. Instead, we show that in DN thymocytes WNK1 transduces pre-TCR signals via OXSR1 and STK39 kinases, and the SLC12A2 ion co-transporter that are required for post-transcriptional upregulation of MYC and subsequent proliferation and differentiation into DP thymocytes. Thus, a pathway regulating ion homeostasis is a critical regulator of thymocyte development.

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