Nutrient loading Artemisia cana seedlings in greenhouse increases nitrogen tissue content and post‐outplanting survival

Abstract Two subsurface flow constructed wetlands were tested for pollutant removal performance in conjunction with an on-line stormwater detention pond, in Kingston Township, Ontario. The 4.9 m2 wetland cells were filled with 9 mm limestone gravel, and planted with cattail, common reed and spike rush. Changes in nutrient (total organic carbon, PO43- and NH4+), suspended solids and metal (Cu, Pb, Zn) concentrations were used to assess performance. Contaminant removal occurred through a combination of physical, chemical and biological means. As with any biological system, variation in performance of stormwater wetlands can be expected to occur as a result of fluctuations in contaminant loading, contact time and ambient environmental conditions. Storm pond effluent was delivered in continuous flow through the wetlands (during baseflow and event conditions), with a detention time of 1 to 3 days. The wetlands were able to maintain removal rates of up to 39% for orthophosphate even during the more severe conditions of fall dieback. Average removal of suspended solids (46%) and dissolved metals (Cu 50%) remained similar throughout all tests. Organic carbon was reduced by less than 10% during these tests. Low nutrient levels in the pond effluent were supplemented by spiking with sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus during pulsed loading conditions. Daily sampling produced a time series, which illustrated the rates of decline in concentration of nutrients. First order kinetic assimilation rates ranged from 1.7 d-1 for NH4002B to 0.12 d-1 for organic carbon, which were noticeably lower when compared with municipal and industrial wastewater treatment rates. Three methods of sizing stormwater wetlands (impervious surface area, volumetric load and kinetic reaction rates) were compared using the same design storm and data from this study. From this comparison it was seen that the kinetic sizing approach proved to be the most versatile, and allowed for adaptation to northern climatic conditions and anticipated nutrient loading.

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Treatment of a Municipal Leachate Under Multi-Variable Conditions

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.1982.011 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 135-148

Author(s):

P.T. Wong ◽

D.S. Mavinic

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Nutrient Loading ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Removal Rates ◽

Ambient Air Temperature

Abstract The treatability of a municipal leachate (BOD5 = 8090 mg/L) was investigated, by aerobic biostabilization, at a nutrient loading of BOD5:N:P of 100:3.2:1.1. The first stage effluents were subsequently polished by lime-magnesium coagulation. The ranges of ambient air temperature and sludge age studied were 5° to 25°C and 5 to 20 days, respectively. In the biostabilization phase, a BOD5:N:P loading of 100:3.2:1.1 was found to be “adequate” for treatment. Organic and metal removals in the first stage units were excellent. Under all conditions investigated, except for the two units close to washout conditions (5-day sludge age units at 5° and 10°C), BOD5 and COD removals of at least 99.4 and 96.4 percent, respectively, were achieved. Similarly, removal rates for most of the metals monitored were greater than 90 percent. In general, the removal of residual contaminants was not enhanced significantly by the addition of magnesium in the lime-magnesium polishing step.

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Loading rates of nutrients discharging from a golf course and a neighboring forested basin

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1999.0535 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 39 (12) ◽

pp. 99-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Takao Kunimatsu ◽

Miki Sudo ◽

Takeshi Kawachi

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Loading ◽

Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽

Phosphorus Loading ◽

Golf Course ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Golf Courses ◽

Japanese Cypress ◽

Arithmetic Average ◽

Loading Rates ◽

Runoff Rate

In the last ten years, the number of golf courses has been increasing in some countries as the game gains popularity. This indicates, a need to estimate the nutrient loading from golf courses in order to prevent the eutrophication of water bodies. Nutrient concentrations and flow rates of a brook were measured once a week from 1989 to 1990 at two sites: Site A of a brook flowing out from D-golf course (53 ha) and Site B of the same brook discharging into the golf course from an upper forested basin (23 ha) covered mainly with planted Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa SIEB. et ZUCC). The bedrock of the area was granite. The annual values of precipitation and mean temperature were 1947 mm and 13.5°C in 1989, respectively. The arithmetic average values of discharge from the forested basin and the golf course were 0.392 and 1.26 mg/l total nitrogen (TN), 0.0072 and 0.145 mg/l total phosphorus (TP), 0.82 and 3.53 mg/l potassium ion (K+, 5.92 and 8.24 mg/l sodium ion (Na+), 2.1 and 9.9 mg/l suspending solid (0.001–2.0 mm, SS), 0.087 and 0.147 mS/cm electric conductivity (EC), and 0.031 and 0.037 m3/km2•s specific discharge, respectively. The loading rates of the forested basin and the golf course were 5.42 and 13.5 TN, 0.133 and 3.04 TP, 8.84 and 33.9 K+, 55.0 and 73.0 Na+, and 54.3 and 118 SS in kg/ha•y. The leaching and runoff rate of nitrogen in the chemical fertilizers applied on the golf course was calculated as 32%. These results indicated the importance of controlling the phosphorus loading for the management of golf courses.

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INFLUENCE OF COVER CROPPING ON NUTRIENT LOADING FROM TILE-DRAINED AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS

10.1130/abs/2016am-283287 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Ben G. Bruening ◽

◽

Catherine O'Reilly ◽

Victoria E. Heath ◽

Shalamar D. Armstrong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Loading ◽

Agricultural Watersheds ◽

Cover Cropping

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Normal tissue content impact on the GBM molecular classification

Briefings in Bioinformatics ◽

10.1093/bib/bbaa129 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rodrigo Madurga ◽

Noemí García-Romero ◽

Beatriz Jiménez ◽

Ana Collazo ◽

Francisco Pérez-Rodríguez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Normal Tissue ◽

In Silico Analysis ◽

Molecular Classification ◽

Gene Signature ◽

Normal Brain ◽

Normal Cells ◽

Final Model ◽

Tumor Subtypes ◽

Tissue Content

Abstract Molecular classification of glioblastoma has enabled a deeper understanding of the disease. The four-subtype model (including Proneural, Classical, Mesenchymal and Neural) has been replaced by a model that discards the Neural subtype, found to be associated with samples with a high content of normal tissue. These samples can be misclassified preventing biological and clinical insights into the different tumor subtypes from coming to light. In this work, we present a model that tackles both the molecular classification of samples and discrimination of those with a high content of normal cells. We performed a transcriptomic in silico analysis on glioblastoma (GBM) samples (n = 810) and tested different criteria to optimize the number of genes needed for molecular classification. We used gene expression of normal brain samples (n = 555) to design an additional gene signature to detect samples with a high normal tissue content. Microdissection samples of different structures within GBM (n = 122) have been used to validate the final model. Finally, the model was tested in a cohort of 43 patients and confirmed by histology. Based on the expression of 20 genes, our model is able to discriminate samples with a high content of normal tissue and to classify the remaining ones. We have shown that taking into consideration normal cells can prevent errors in the classification and the subsequent misinterpretation of the results. Moreover, considering only samples with a low content of normal cells, we found an association between the complexity of the samples and survival for the three molecular subtypes.

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A Stepwise GIS Approach for the Delineation of River Valley Bottom within Drainage Basins Using a Cost Distance Accumulation Analysis

Water ◽

10.3390/w13060827 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 827

Author(s):

Gasper L. Sechu ◽

Bertel Nilsson ◽

Bo V. Iversen ◽

Mette B. Greve ◽

Christen D. Børgesen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Data ◽

Nutrient Loading ◽

Drainage Basin ◽

River Valley ◽

Management Tool ◽

Drainage Basins ◽

Valley Bottom ◽

Management Actions ◽

Cost Distance ◽

River Valleys

River valley bottoms have hydrological, geomorphological, and ecological importance and are buffers for protecting the river from upland nutrient loading coming from agriculture and other sources. They are relatively flat, low-lying areas of the terrain that are adjacent to the river and bound by increasing slopes at the transition to the uplands. These areas have under natural conditions, a groundwater table close to the soil surface. The objective of this paper is to present a stepwise GIS approach for the delineation of river valley bottom within drainage basins and use it to perform a national delineation. We developed a tool that applies a concept called cost distance accumulation with spatial data inputs consisting a river network and slope derived from a digital elevation model. We then used wetlands adjacent to rivers as a guide finding the river valley bottom boundary from the cost distance accumulation. We present results from our tool for the whole country of Denmark carrying out a validation within three selected areas. The results reveal that the tool visually performs well and delineates both confined and unconfined river valleys within the same drainage basin. We use the most common forms of wetlands (meadow and marsh) in Denmark’s river valleys known as Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDE) to validate our river valley bottom delineated areas. Our delineation picks about half to two-thirds of these GDE. However, we expected this since farmers have reclaimed Denmark’s low-lying areas during the last 200 years before the first map of GDE was created. Our tool can be used as a management tool, since it can delineate an area that has been the focus of management actions to protect waterways from upland nutrient pollution.

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Nutrient Loading, Temperature and Heat Wave Effects on Nutrients, Oxygen and Metabolism in Shallow Lake Mesocosms Pre-Adapted for 11 Years

Water ◽

10.3390/w13020127 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 127

Author(s):

Erik Jeppesen ◽

Joachim Audet ◽

Thomas A. Davidson ◽

Érika M. Neif ◽

Yu Cao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Wave ◽

Shallow Lake ◽

Nutrient Loading ◽

Global Changes ◽

Significant Positive Effect ◽

Mixed Effect ◽

Chl A ◽

Nutrient Loadings ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Oxygen Concentrations

Global changes (e.g., warming and population growth) affect nutrient loadings and temperatures, but global warming also results in more frequent extreme events, such as heat waves. Using data from the world’s longest-running shallow lake experimental mesocosm facility, we studied the effects of different levels of nutrient loadings combined with varying temperatures, which also included a simulated 1-month summer heat wave (HW), on nutrient and oxygen concentrations, gross ecosystem primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), net ecosystem production (NEP) and bacterioplankton production (BACPR). The mesocosms had two nutrient levels (high (HN) and low (LN)) combined with three different temperatures according to the IPCC 2007 warming scenarios (unheated, A2 and A2 + 50%) that were applied for 11 years prior to the present experiment. The simulated HW consisted of 5 °C extra temperature increases only in the A2 and A2 + 50% treatments applied from 1 July to 1 August 2014. Linear mixed effect modeling revealed a strong effect of nutrient treatment on the concentration of chlorophyll a (Chl-a), on various forms of phosphorus and nitrogen as well as on oxygen concentration and oxygen percentage (24 h means). Applying the full dataset, we also found a significant positive effect of nutrient loading on GPP, ER, NEP and BACPR, and of temperature on ER and BACPR. The HW had a significant positive effect on GPP and ER. When dividing the data into LN and HN, temperature also had a significant positive effect on Chl-a in LN and on orthophosphate in HN. Linear mixed models revealed differential effects of nutrients, Chl-a and macrophyte abundance (PVI) on the metabolism variables, with PVI being particularly important in the LN mesocosms. All metabolism variables also responded strongly to a cooling-low irradiance event in the middle of the HW, resulting in a severe drop in oxygen concentrations, not least in the HN heated mesocosms. Our results demonstrate strong effects of nutrients as well as an overall rapid response in oxygen metabolism and BACPR to changes in temperature, including HWs, making them sensitive ecosystem indicators of climate warming.

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