Family planning, antenatal and delivery care: cross‐sectional survey evidence on levels of coverage and inequalities by public and private sector in 57 low‐ and middle‐income countries

Objective of Study: The objective of this study is to have an insight on student’s attitudes regarding histology’s clinical relevance in public and private sector medical college. Methodology: A cross sectional survey for attitude analysis towards histology’s clinical importance was carried out among 200 third year medical students from private and public sector medical college. Thurdstone and Chave attitude analysis questionnaire was employed to find the attitude score. Results: Students of both public and private sector medical college show scepticism towards the clinical importance of histology. There was no marked difference in the attitudes of students of public and private sector medical college. Most data remained on the borderline of the attitude scale employed. Conclusion: This study provided useful information for the teachers that students do not appreciate the clinical importance of histology much. Teachers need to devise strategies and to work on the students helping them comprehend the importance of histology.

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Who, W hat, W here: an analysis of private sector family planning provision in 57 low‐ and middle‐income countries

Tropical Medicine & International Health ◽

10.1111/tmi.12597 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (12) ◽

pp. 1639-1656 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Oona M. R. Campbell ◽

Lenka Benova ◽

David Macleod ◽

Catherine Goodman ◽

Katharine Footman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Private Sector ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Low And Middle Income

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EMPLOYEE RETENTION AND TURNOVER USINGMOTIVATIONAL VARIABLES AT INDIA

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i8(se).2016.2580 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (8(SE)) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

A. Thirupathy ◽

C. Dhayalan

Keyword(s):

Private Sector ◽

Research Design ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Employee Retention ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Public And Private ◽

Private Sector Organizations ◽

Public And Private Sector

This research looked at the extent to which identified intrinsic and extrinsic motivational variables influenced the retention and reduction of employee turnover in both public and private sector organizations. The research was aimed at achieving the following objectives: identify and establish the key intrinsic and extrinsic motivational variables being used by selected public and private sector organizations in retaining their employees; determine the extent to which the identified intrinsic and extrinsic motivational variables are influencing employees’ retention and turnover in the selected organizations; and make recommendations to management of the selected organizations on how to effectively retain employees and reduce turnover. The study adopted the cross-sectional survey research design, investigating the extent to which selected motivational variables influence employees’ decision to either remain or quit an organization. Quantitative research design was used and this design was chosen because its findings are generalizable and the data objective. The study examined two public and two private sector organizations in India. The total population of the research comprised 1800 employees of the surveyed organizations with a sample size of 145 respondents. A self-developed questionnaire, measured on a Likert Scale was used to collect data from respondents. The questionnaire had a Cornbrash alpha coefficient of α = 0.85 suggesting that the instrument was reliable. The Chi-square test of association was used in testing the hypothesis of the study. The result showed that employees in both public and private sector organizations were, to a very large extent, influenced to stay in their respective organizations by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors. The following motivational variables were found to have significantly influenced employee retention in both the public and private sector organizations: training and development, challenging/interesting work, freedom for innovative thinking, and job security.

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Insulin price components: case studies in six low/middle-income countries

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001705 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. e001705

Author(s):

Douglas Ball ◽

Margaret Ewen ◽

Richard Laing ◽

David Beran

Keyword(s):

Private Sector ◽

Value Added ◽

Capital City ◽

Selling Price ◽

Public And Private ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Low Middle Income Countries ◽

Health Action ◽

Public And Private Sector

IntroductionUnderstanding price components for insulin products can help design interventions to improve insulin affordability in low/middle-income countries.MethodsAn adapted WHO/Health Action International standardised methodology was used in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), China (Hubei and Shaanxi Provinces), Ghana, India (Haryana State), Indonesia and Uganda. Selected insulin products had their prices traced backwards through the supply chain from public and private sector retail outlets in the capital city and a district town, supplemented with key informant interviews.ResultsCumulative mark-ups ranged from 8.7% to 565.8% but the magnitude of mark-ups was country specific and variable within and across sectors and regions. The proportion of the patient price attributed to the manufacturer’s selling price varied from 15.0% to 92.0%. Pricing regulations in China, India and Indonesia reduced wholesale and retail mark-ups but did not guarantee low prices. Most countries had removed import duties (Ghana, India, Indonesia, Uganda), but additional tariffs of 3.5% were still applied in Ghana. Value-added tax in the private sector ranged from 5% to 20% across the countries.ConclusionThere are no clear trends in the mark-ups applied to insulin or specific differences in the price structure. A uniform approach to improving insulin access through regulating price components is unlikely to be successful, but elimination of duties and taxes, price regulation and greater price transparency could help influence prices and hence affordability.

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Gaps in Capacity in Primary Care in Low-Resource Settings for Implementation of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions

International Journal of Hypertension ◽

10.1155/2012/584041 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

S. Mendis ◽

Igbal Al Bashir ◽

Lanka Dissanayake ◽

Cherian Varghese ◽

Ibtihal Fadhil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Medical Information ◽

Health Financing ◽

Noncommunicable Disease ◽

Noncommunicable Diseases ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Low And Middle Income

Objective.The objective was to evaluate the capacity of primary care (PC) facilities to implement basic interventions for prevention and management of major noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.Methods.A cross-sectional survey was done in eight low- and middle-income countries (Benin, Bhutan, Eritrea, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Syria, and Vietnam) in 90 PC facilities randomly selected. The survey included questions on the availability of human resources, equipment, infrastructure, medicines, utilization of services, financing, medical information, and referral systems.Results and Conclusions.Major deficits were identified in health financing, access to basic technologies and medicines, medical information systems, and the health workforce. The study has provided the foundation for strengthening PC to address noncommunicable diseases. There are important implications of the findings of this study for all low- and middle-income countries as capacity of PC is fundamental for equitable prevention and control of NCDs.

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Equity and accessibility in health? Out-of-pocket expenditures on health care in middle income countries: evidence from Mexico

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0102-311x2008001200010 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 24 (12) ◽

pp. 2819-2826 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Armando Arredondo ◽

Patricia Nájera

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

National Health Survey ◽

Private Institutions ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Public And Private ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Study Population ◽

Type Of Institution

This study analyzes the results of a cross-sectional survey which set out to determine the costs to patients of searching for and receiving health care in public and private institutions. The information analyzed was obtained from the study population of the Mexican National Health Survey. The dependent variable was the out-of-pocket users' costs and the independent variables were the insurance conditions, type of institution and income. The empirical findings suggest that there is a need for a more detailed analysis of user costs in middle income countries in general, where the health system is based on social security, public assistance and private institutions. This study shows that the out of pocket costs faced by users are inequitable and fall disproportionately upon socially and economically marginalized populations.

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