X‐irradiation and gamma‐irradiation inactivate lymphocytes in blood components

Abstract Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a dramatic immunologic reaction mediated by transfused immunocompetent lymphocytes directed against an immunocompromised host. GVHD shows a rapid onset and is characterized by severe symptoms and a poor response to treatment (mortality rate > 90%). Prophylactic gamma irradiation of cellular blood components is the most efficient and reliable way to prevent GVHD. The currently recommended standard dose of gamma irradiation of blood products is 25 Gy. While irradiated blood components including platelet concentrates have been extensively transfused over the past 25 years, only few studies (with controversy results) evaluated the effect of ionising irradiation on platelet morphology and function. In this study, we examined the effect of a standard irradiation dose of 25Gy on platelet function using a platelet function analyzer (PFA-100). Citrate-anticoagulated blood was obtained in duplicate from twelve healthy blood donors. One sample was immediately irradiated according to a standard protocol (25 Gy), the other specimen was used as control. Platelet function of irradiated and control samples was evaluated using PFA-100. This device applies a high shear flow system to simulate the conditions under which platelets are subjected at the site of a damaged blood vessel wall. Anticoagulated whole blood was passed through the membranes coated with either collagen and epinephrine (Col/Epi) or collagen and ADP (Col/ADP) under hemodynamic conditions similar to those of small capillaries. Platelets adhere and aggregate across the aperture until the flow ceases, evaluated by the closure time (CT, sec). Statistical analysis was performed using a standard software (Sigma Plot v. 8; Student’s paired t test). Analysis of platelet function with Col/Epi cartridges showed that irradiated samples had a prolonged closure time compared to corresponding non irradiated controls (144 ± 21 sec vs. 120 ± 18 sec, p<0.05). The averaged CT prolongation was 19±5%. Analysis of CT using Col/ADP cartridges showed also prolongated CT (averaged prolongation 7%) in seven of nine irradiated samples compared to non irradiated controls (97 ± 14 sec vs. 103 ± 13 sec, p<0.05). Our results suggest that a standard dose of ionising irradiation for prevention of GVHD has a significant influence on platelet function. The biochemical nature by which this platelet dysfunction following irradiation is caused, remains to be assessed in further detail.

Download Full-text

Guidelines on gamma irradiation of blood components for the prevention of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease

Transfusion Medicine ◽

10.1111/j.1365-3148.1996.tb00078.x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 261-271 ◽

Cited By ~ 124

Author(s):

J. Chapman ◽

R. D. Finney ◽

K. Forman ◽

P. Kelsey ◽

S. M. Knowles ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gamma Irradiation ◽

Graft Versus Host Disease ◽

Blood Components ◽

Host Disease ◽

Graft Versus Host

Download Full-text

EFFECTS OF X-IRRADIATION AND GAMMA IRRADIATION ON PARAMUTATION IN R HETEROZYGOTES IN MAIZE

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/65.3.473 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 473-482

Author(s):

Katherine Lu Shih ◽

R Alexander Brink

Keyword(s):

Gamma Irradiation ◽

X Irradiation

Download Full-text

Irradiation of Cellular Blood Components with Cobalt 60 Is Very Efficient and Safe in the Prevention of Transfusion Associated Graft Versus Host Disease (TA-GVHD) in the Allogeneic Transplant Setting.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v108.11.4138.4138 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 108 (11) ◽

pp. 4138-4138

Author(s):

Amado J. Karduss ◽

Eduardo Leon ◽

Lina Buitrago ◽

Luis R. Gomez ◽

Alejo Jimenez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Gamma Irradiation ◽

Stem Cell Transplant ◽

Good Alternative ◽

Blood Bank ◽

Cell Transplant ◽

Blood Components ◽

Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant ◽

Cesium 137 ◽

Unrelated Cord Blood

Abstract For the prevention of TA-GHVH in patients who received a allogeneic stem cell transplant is mandatory the gamma irradiation of the all cellular blood components. This irradiation is usually done with Cesium 137 and with a special blood bank irradiators. However these devices are expensive; because that, in developing countries, is frequent the utilization of Cobalt 60 and the same device that is used in the radiotherapy department, instead of blood bank irradiators. We present our experience with this technique. From Dec 2002 to Dec 2005 thirty patients received a allogeneic stem cell transplant and 28 were analysed. The stem cells source was: peripheral blood 25, unrelated cord blood 2, and bone marrow 1. The irradiation of the blood was performed with Cobalt 60–1.24 Mev- (theratron 780 C); the irradiation field was calculated for covering all of the bag surface and a dose of 3.5 Gy was administered to the mild plane of the bag. 158 blood concentrates were transfused, 68 red cell (X:2.5 per patient), and 90 platelets (3.2 per patient). The pre transfusion median hemoglobin and platelet levels were 7.63 g/dl and 12.000/ul; after transfusion was a median increase of 2.3 gm/dl (0.6–4.7) in hemoglobin and 18.000/ul (0–140.000) in platelets. There was no any case of TA-GVHD. Four patients developed pos transplant aGVHD, in all of the cases the disease began 50 days or more after the last transfusion, there were no pancytopenia and the aGVHD was resolved completely with the treatment. Conclusion In receptors of allogeneic stem cell transplant the gamma irradiation of blood components with Cobalt 60 and with the same device which is used for patients radiotherapy is 100% effective and safe in the prevention of TA-GVHD. This is a good alternative in centers without blood bank irradiator

Download Full-text

ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM IN THE RAT EXPOSED TO IONIZING RADIATION

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology ◽

10.1139/y56-089 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 835-843 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. G. Baker ◽

E. A. Sellers

Keyword(s):

Gamma Irradiation ◽

Prolonged Exposure ◽

Initial Period ◽

Exposure Period ◽

The Body ◽

Electrolyte Balance ◽

Electrolyte Metabolism ◽

Body Weights ◽

X Irradiation ◽

The Stability

Some observations concerning electrolyte metabolism in rats subjected to single doses of X irradiation and to prolonged exposure to gamma irradiation are described. Blood electrolyte changes were slight even when severe radiation damage was present. During prolonged exposure to gamma irradiation at 60 roentgens per 24 hr. the adrenal glands first increased in weight then decreased to the pre-exposure values. This may represent a type of adaptation to slowly administered irradiation. Balance studies on rats exposed to gamma irradiation at a dose rate of 60 roentgens per 24 hr. showed a small loss of sodium, potassium, and chloride during the initial period of the exposure. During the remainder of the exposure period the sodium and chloride remained nearly in balance although the body weights decreased. Potassium balance remained negative during the exposure. The stability of the electrolyte composition of the blood and of electrolyte balance, in the presence of widespread damage which results from irradiation, is considered highly significant.

Download Full-text

ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM IN THE RAT EXPOSED TO IONIZING RADIATION

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology ◽

10.1139/o56-089 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 835-843 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. G. Baker ◽

E. A. Sellers

Keyword(s):

Gamma Irradiation ◽

Prolonged Exposure ◽

Initial Period ◽

Exposure Period ◽

The Body ◽

Electrolyte Balance ◽

Electrolyte Metabolism ◽

Body Weights ◽

X Irradiation ◽

The Stability

Some observations concerning electrolyte metabolism in rats subjected to single doses of X irradiation and to prolonged exposure to gamma irradiation are described. Blood electrolyte changes were slight even when severe radiation damage was present. During prolonged exposure to gamma irradiation at 60 roentgens per 24 hr. the adrenal glands first increased in weight then decreased to the pre-exposure values. This may represent a type of adaptation to slowly administered irradiation. Balance studies on rats exposed to gamma irradiation at a dose rate of 60 roentgens per 24 hr. showed a small loss of sodium, potassium, and chloride during the initial period of the exposure. During the remainder of the exposure period the sodium and chloride remained nearly in balance although the body weights decreased. Potassium balance remained negative during the exposure. The stability of the electrolyte composition of the blood and of electrolyte balance, in the presence of widespread damage which results from irradiation, is considered highly significant.

Download Full-text

Radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes after partial-body exposure to60Co gamma-irradiation andin vitroexposure to 230 kV X-irradiation

British Journal of Radiology ◽

10.1259/0007-1285-48-570-487 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 48 (570) ◽

pp. 487-493 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gwyneth E. Watson ◽

N. E. Gillies

Keyword(s):

Gamma Irradiation ◽

Chromosomal Aberrations ◽

Human Lymphocytes ◽

X Irradiation ◽

Radiation Induced ◽

Partial Body

Download Full-text

Electron Microscopic Examination of a Transplantable Rat Mammary Carcinoma

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100099842 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 20-21

Author(s):

S. Shirahama ◽

G. C. Engle ◽

R. M. Dutcher

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Osmium Tetroxide ◽

Electron Microscopic Examination ◽

Undifferentiated Carcinoma ◽

Uranyl Acetate ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

North West ◽

X Irradiation ◽

Tissue Specimens

A transplantable carcinoma was established in North West Sprague Dawley (NWSD) rats by use of X-irradiation by Engle and Spencer. The tumor was passaged through 63 generations over a period of 32 months. The original tumor, an adenocarcinoma, changed into an undifferentiated carcinoma following the 19th transplant. The tumor grew well in NWSD rats of either sex at various ages. It was invariably fatal, causing death of the host within 15 to 35 days following transplantation.Tumor, thymus, spleen, and plasma from 7 rats receiving transplants of tumor at 3 to 9 weeks of age were examined with an electron microscope at intervals of 8, 15, 22 and 30 days after transplantation. Four normal control rats of the same age were also examined. The tissues were fixed in glutaraldehyde, postfixed in osmium tetroxide and embedded in Epon. The plasma was separated from heparanized blood and processed as previously described for the tissue specimens. Sections were stained with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate and examined with an RCA EMU-3G electron microscope.

Download Full-text

The Response of Testis Cells to Low Dose X-Irradiation

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100099155 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 542-543

Author(s):

D. E. Philpott ◽

W. Sapp ◽

C. Williams ◽

Joann Stevenson ◽

S. Black

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Dose Level ◽

Cross Sections ◽

Low Dose ◽

Light And Electron Microscopy ◽

Cellular Responses ◽

Post Irradiation ◽

X Irradiation

The response of spermatogonial cells to X-irradiation is well documented. It has been shown that there is a radiation resistent stem cell (As) which, after irradiation, replenishes the seminiferous epithelium. Most investigations in this area have dealt with radiation dosages of 100R or more. This study was undertaken to observe cellular responses at doses less than 100R of X-irradiation utilizing a system in which the tissue can be used for light and electron microscopy.Brown B6D2F1 mice aged 16 weeks were exposed to X-irradiation (225KeV; 15mA; filter 0.35 Cu; 50-60 R/min). Four mice were irradiated at each dose level between 1 and 100 rads. Testes were removed 3 days post-irradiation, fixed, and embedded. Sections were cut at 2 microns for light microscopy. After staining, surviving spermatogonia were identified and counted in tubule cross sections. The surviving fraction of spermatogonia compared to control, S/S0, was plotted against dose to give the curve shown in Fig. 1.

Download Full-text