ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM IN THE RAT EXPOSED TO IONIZING RADIATION

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 835-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Baker ◽  
E. A. Sellers
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Electrolyte Metabolism ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
The Stability

Some observations concerning electrolyte metabolism in rats subjected to single doses of X irradiation and to prolonged exposure to gamma irradiation are described. Blood electrolyte changes were slight even when severe radiation damage was present. During prolonged exposure to gamma irradiation at 60 roentgens per 24 hr. the adrenal glands first increased in weight then decreased to the pre-exposure values. This may represent a type of adaptation to slowly administered irradiation. Balance studies on rats exposed to gamma irradiation at a dose rate of 60 roentgens per 24 hr. showed a small loss of sodium, potassium, and chloride during the initial period of the exposure. During the remainder of the exposure period the sodium and chloride remained nearly in balance although the body weights decreased. Potassium balance remained negative during the exposure. The stability of the electrolyte composition of the blood and of electrolyte balance, in the presence of widespread damage which results from irradiation, is considered highly significant.

ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM IN THE RAT EXPOSED TO IONIZING RADIATION

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 835-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Baker ◽  
E. A. Sellers
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Electrolyte Metabolism ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
The Stability

Some observations concerning electrolyte metabolism in rats subjected to single doses of X irradiation and to prolonged exposure to gamma irradiation are described. Blood electrolyte changes were slight even when severe radiation damage was present. During prolonged exposure to gamma irradiation at 60 roentgens per 24 hr. the adrenal glands first increased in weight then decreased to the pre-exposure values. This may represent a type of adaptation to slowly administered irradiation. Balance studies on rats exposed to gamma irradiation at a dose rate of 60 roentgens per 24 hr. showed a small loss of sodium, potassium, and chloride during the initial period of the exposure. During the remainder of the exposure period the sodium and chloride remained nearly in balance although the body weights decreased. Potassium balance remained negative during the exposure. The stability of the electrolyte composition of the blood and of electrolyte balance, in the presence of widespread damage which results from irradiation, is considered highly significant.

Effects of Adaptive and Nonadaptive Feeding of Hydrogenated and Raw Herring Oil on Hearts and Livers of Weanling Rats

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1793-1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Odense ◽  
H. Brockerhoff
Keyword(s):  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Cardiac Damage ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Weanling Rats ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Cardiac Lesions

It has been reported that the feeding of high levels of rapeseed oil to weanling rats leads to the eventual appearance of cardiac lesions. Marine oils have come under suspicion since most of them contain lesser amounts of the long-chain (C20 and C22) monounsaturated acids found in rapeseed oil. Weanling rats, male and female, were given diets containing 18% hydrogenated or raw herring oil for 24 days. Two other groups were adapted gradually to these diets during an initial period of 12 days. Control groups were kept on diets containing corn oil and lard. Histological investigations of the hearts failed to produce any evidence of unusual fat deposition or cardiac damage in any of the rats, either control or experimental. The possibility that a more prolonged feeding of the oil could lead to lesions cannot be excluded. Liver weights, when expressed as fractions of the body weights, were slightly, though significantly, higher (13–27%) in all groups fed with raw or hydrogenated herring oil, but histological examination failed to disclose any difference between these livers and those of the control groups. The experiments indicate that herring oil, raw or hydrogenated, when fed to weanling rats for 24 days, produced no untoward histological changes in the heart or liver tissues.

L-Ascorbic Acid Addition to Chitosan Reduces Body Weight in Overweight Women

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Y. Jung ◽  
Sung C. Jun ◽  
Un J. Chang ◽  
Hyung J. Suh
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Overweight Women ◽  
Body Weights

Previously, we have found that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan enhanced the reduction in body weight gain in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet. We hypothesized that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan would accelerate the reduction of body weight in humans, similar to the animal model. Overweight subjects administered chitosan with or without L-ascorbic acid for 8 weeks, were assigned to three groups: Control group (N = 26, placebo, vehicle only), Chito group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan), and Chito-vita group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan plus 2 g/day L-ascorbic acid). The body weights and body mass index (BMI) of the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the Control group. The BMI of the Chito-vita group decreased significantly compared to the Chito group (Chito: -1.0 kg/m2 vs. Chito-vita: -1.6 kg/m2, p < 0.05). The results showed that the chitosan enhanced reduction of body weight and BMI was accentuated by the addition of L-ascorbic acid. The fat mass, percentage body fat, body circumference, and skinfold thickness in the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased more than the Control group; however, these parameters were not significantly different between the three groups. Chitosan combined with L-ascorbic acid may be useful for controlling body weight.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTIFICIAL RICE WITH SEAWEED Eucheuma cottonii ADDITION AS A DIETARY FIBER SOURCE

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Prodiana Setiawati ◽  
Joko Santoso ◽  
Sri Purwaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
Food Commodities ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Extrusion Technology ◽  
Eucheuma Cottonii

The utilization of local food commodities such as corn and cassava with seaweed addition as a dietary fiber source for producing artificial rice through extrusion technology is an  alternative for food diversification. The research was carried out to find out the best composition (rice, corn, cassava, and seaweed) and temperature of extrusion process on making artificial rice and the influence of dietary fibre on sensory properties and physicochemical. The composition of rice, corn, and cassava in proportion  of 1:3:1 with 20% seaweed, Eucheuma cottonii, addition and temperature extruder of 90 °C were selected as the best product for artificial rice. The  sensory evaluation was 8.02±0.21 (people’s preference). In physicochemical properties, dietary fiber significantly affected on low bulk density and starch digestibility. This condition is very good for health especially in maintaining the stability of blood glucose in the body. Keywords: artificial rice, composition, extrusion, seaweed, dietary fibre, temperature

Substantiation the machine with a basket for the application of mineral fertilizers and other bulk materials with the upper arrangement of the feeding device

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Fesenko, H.
Keyword(s):  
Fat Body ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Analytical Mechanics ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Working Bodies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stable Flow

Purpose. Increasing the uniformity of distribution of mineral fertilizers and other bulk materials due to the stability of their feed from the body to the spreading working bodies using the top feeder. Methods. The following methods are used to achieve this aim: the method of comparing the differences between individual groups of fertilizers, the method of analyzing the properties of a new technical system, the method of functional inventiveness, and the methods of theoretical and analytical mechanics. Results. The traction body of the conveyor of the upper feed of the body fat body machine for mineral fertilizers and other bulk materials was substantiated and the relationship between the height of its scrapers and the distance between them was established, as well as the nature of the mineral fertilizer pressure on the curvilinear wall of the body. In addition, the design of the advanced body fertilizer spreader is justified, which ensures a stable flow of fertilizers from the body due to the improvement of the top feeder. Conclusions. Because of the conducted researches, the advantages of machines equipped with top feeder are found. They create the conditions for the forced feeding mineral fertilizers and other loose materials from the container to the distribution bodies, which is a prerequisite for their evenness on the surface. With this, the imperfection of known machines with the top feeder constrains their introduction into agricultural production. On this account, a more thoroughly constructed solution of the body feeder of the top feed is substantiated, in which the conveyor provides a stable supply of fertilizers from the body with reduced energy consumption during operation. Keywords: analysis, feed, upper device, conveyor, stability, fertilizers, flow ability, body.

Roux-en-Y Gastrointestinal Bypass Promotes Activation of TGR5 and Peptide YY

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1262-1267
Author(s):  
Haojun Yang ◽  
Hanyang Liu ◽  
YuWen Jiao ◽  
Jun Qian
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
L Cells ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Gastrointestinal Bypass ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Background: G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5) is involved in a number of metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the role of TGR5 after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GBP). Methods: Wild type and TGR5 knockout mice (tgr5-/-) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish the obesity model. GBP was performed. The changes in body weight and food intake were measured. The levels of TGR5 and peptide YY (PYY) were evaluated by RT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Moreover, the L-cells were separated from wild type and tgr5-/- mice. The levels of PYY in L-cells were evaluated by ELISA. Results: The body weights were significantly decreased after GBP in wild type mice (p<0.05), but not tgr5-/- mice (p>0.05). Food intake was reduced after GBP in wild type mice, but also not significantly affected in tgr5-/- mice (p>0.05). The levels of PYY were significantly increased after GBP compared with the sham group (p<0.05); however, in tgr5-/- mice the expression of PYY was not significantly affected (p>0.05). After INT-777 stimulation in L-cells obtained from murine intestines, the levels of PYY were significantly increased in L-cells tgr5+/+ (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our study suggests that GBP up-regulated the expression of TGR5 in murine intestines, and increased the levels of PYY, which further reduced food intake and decreased the body weight.

Novel Nanolipoidal Systems for the Management of Skin Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
Apoorva Singh ◽  
Nimisha
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
The Stability

: Skin cancer, among the various kinds of cancers, is a type that emerges from skin due to the growth of abnormal cells. These cells are capable of spreading and invading the other parts of the body. The occurrence of non-melanoma and melanoma, which are the major types of skin cancers, has increased over the past decades. Exposure to ultraviolet radiations (UV) is the main associative cause of skin cancer. UV exposure can inactivate tumor suppressor genes while activating various oncogenes. The conventional techniques like surgical removal, chemotherapy and radiation therapy lack the potential for targeting cancer cells and harm the normal cells. However, the novel therapeutics show promising improvements in the effectiveness of treatment, survival rates and better quality of life for patients. Different methodologies are involved in the skin cancer therapeutics for delivering the active ingredients to the target sites. Nano carriers are very efficient as they have the ability to improve the stability of drugs and further enhance their penetration into the tumor cells. The recent developments and research in nanotechnology have entitled several targeting and therapeutic agents to be incorporated into nanoparticles for an enhancive treatment of skin cancer. To protect the research works in the field of nanolipoidal systems various patents have been introduced. Some of the patents acknowledge responsive liposomes for specific targeting, nanocarriers for the delivery or co-delivery of chemotherapeutics, nucleic acids as well as photosensitizers. Further recent patents on the novel delivery systems have also been included here.

scholarly journals Polymer-Drug Conjugates as Nanotheranostic Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-81
Author(s):  
Sajana Manandhar ◽  
Erica Sjöholm ◽  
Johan Bobacka ◽  
Jessica M. Rosenholm ◽  
Kuldeep K. Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Drug Conjugates ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Systemic Side Effects ◽  
Theranostic Agents ◽  
The Stability

Since the last decade, the polymer-drug conjugate (PDC) approach has emerged as one of the most promising drug-delivery technologies owing to several benefits like circumventing premature drug release, offering controlled and targeted drug delivery, improving the stability, safety, and kinetics of conjugated drugs, and so forth. In recent years, PDC technology has advanced with the objective to further enhance the treatment outcomes by integrating nanotechnology and multifunctional characteristics into these systems. One such development is the ability of PDCs to act as theranostic agents, permitting simultaneous diagnosis and treatment options. Theranostic nanocarriers offer the opportunity to track the distribution of PDCs within the body and help to localize the diseased site. This characteristic is of particular interest, especially among those therapeutic approaches where external stimuli are supposed to be applied for abrupt drug release at the target site for localized delivery to avoid systemic side effects (e.g., Visudyne®). Thus, with the help of this review article, we are presenting the most recent updates in the domain of PDCs as nanotheranostic agents. Different methodologies utilized to design PDCs along with imaging characteristics and their applicability in a wide range of diseases, have been summarized in this article.

scholarly journals Genetic Association Analysis for Relative Growths of Body Compositions and Metabolic Traits to Body Weights in Broilers

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 469
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Hengyu Zhang ◽  
Yunfeng Zhao ◽  
Xiaojing Zhou ◽  
Jie Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allometric Scaling ◽  
Mapping Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Random Regression ◽  
Broiler Meat ◽  
Metabolic Traits ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Scaling Models ◽  
Body Components ◽  
Body Compositions

In animal breeding, body components and metabolic traits always fall behind body weights in genetic improvement, which leads to the decline in standards and qualities of animal products. Phenotypically, the relative growth of multiple body components and metabolic traits relative to body weights are characterized by using joint allometric scaling models, and then random regression models (RRMs) are constructed to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for relative grwoth allometries of body compositions and metabolic traits in chicken. Referred to as real joint allometric scaling models, statistical utility of the so-called LASSO-RRM mapping method is given a demonstration by computer simulation analysis. Using the F2 population by crossing broiler × Fayoumi, we formulated optimal joint allometric scaling models of fat, shank weight (shank-w) and liver as well as thyroxine (T4) and glucose (GLC) to body weights. For body compositions, a total of 9 QTLs, including 4 additive and 5 dominant QTLs, were detected to control the allometric scalings of fat, shank-w, and liver to body weights; while a total of 10 QTLs of which 6 were dominant, were mapped to govern the allometries of T4 and GLC to body weights. We characterized relative growths of body compositions and metabolic traits to body weights in broilers with joint allometric scaling models and detected QTLs for the allometry scalings of the relative growths by using RRMs. The identified QTLs, including their highly linked genetic markers, could be used to order relative growths of the body components or metabolic traits to body weights in marker-assisted breeding programs for improving the standard and quality of broiler meat products.

Seasonal changes in pancreatic B-cell function in euthermic yellow-bellied marmots

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (2) ◽  
pp. R159-R165 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Florant ◽  
A. K. Lawrence ◽  
K. Williams ◽  
W. A. Bauman
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pancreatic B Cell ◽  
Peripheral Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
System Input

Fasting plasma insulin (PI) and glucose (PG) concentrations were measured throughout the body weight cycle of marmots. Animals gained weight during summer, and in late fall body weight peaked, after which they ceased feeding. Each month euthermic animals were injected intra-arterially with either dextrose (500 mg/kg) or porcine insulin (0.1 U/kg), and blood samples were collected over the subsequent 2 h. During weight gain fasting PI concentration and pancreatic B-cell response to injected dextrose increased markedly. Maximal insulin release to a dextrose challenge was measured during peak body weight or when body weight initially began to decline. The PG concentration after exogenous insulin administration was slight (less than 10%) in the fall but increased approximately 25% in the spring after marmots lost weight. Basal PG levels were not significantly different throughout the year. Basal fasting PI concentrations were significantly higher during the fall (P less than 0.01). It is suggested that in the fall, when marmots are obese, hyperinsulinemia and peripheral insulin resistance appear. Furthermore, in two animals with an increase in body weight of approximately 30% or less over the summer, peripheral resistance was demonstrable, albeit not as marked as in animals that appropriately doubled their body weights when given food ad libitum. Thus we hypothesize that factors other than adiposity, i.e., food intake, central nervous system input to the pancreatic B-cell, and/or changes in B-cell sensitivity to PG, may contribute to the observed peripheral insulin resistance and may be involved in body weight regulation.

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