TRIBOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ON PALM FATTY ACID DISTILLATE (PFAD) AS ALTERNATIVE TRANSMISSION FLUID FOR CLUTCH APPLICATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (7-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. A. Salleh ◽  
M. K. Abdul Hamid ◽  
Z. H. Che Daud ◽  
A. R. Abu Bakar ◽  
S. A. Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Automatic Transmission ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Tribological Behaviour ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Wet Clutch ◽  
Transmission Fluid ◽  
Tribological Analysis ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Typically, a mineral based oil from petroleum refining has been widely used as automatic transmission fluid (ATF) in the wet clutch application. However, it has two major disadvantages: (1) It causes pollution to the environment and (2) It is a non-renewable source. Thus, Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is explored as an alternative lubricant for the wet clutch application. In present study, tribological behaviour of PFAD is first sought using a pin on disk tribo-tester and then its behavior will be compared with the behavior obtained in the commercial ATF. It is found in the friction analysis that PFAD has good anti friction ability at low speeds. In addition, PFAD generates almost identical dynamic friction coefficients obtained in the commercial ATF at velocity of 0.4m/s to 0.9 m/s. A slight positive slope in the friction coefficient–velocity graph indicates that PFAD has tendency to have anti-shudder properties, which can improve engaging quality of the wet clutch. However, PFAD has two weaknesses; low viscosity index and less anti wear ability. Some additives should be added into PFAD so that it can give better friction level and less wear rate. 

scholarly journals Evaluation of thermo-oxidized Jatropha bio-oil in lubrication of actual wet clutch materials

2020 ◽  
pp. 135065012098146
Author(s):  
Leonardo I Farfan-Cabrera ◽  
Ezequiel A Gallardo-Hernández ◽  
José Pérez-González ◽  
Benjamín M Marín-Santibáñez ◽  
Roger Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Transmission ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Oxidative Aging ◽  
Lubrication Regime ◽  
Viscosity Increase ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Wet Clutch ◽  
Transmission Fluid ◽  
Pin On Disk

In this work, an assessment of the performance of thermo-oxidated Jatropha oil as a lubricant for actual wet clutch materials was performed and compared with a commercial automatic transmission fluid. For this, Jatropha oil, a commercial automatic transmission fluid and a blend of 20 vol% Jatropha oil–80 vol% automatic transmission fluid were subjected to thermo-oxidative aging at 26 °C and 100 °C, followed by a pin-on-disk testing with disk samples from an actual wet clutch. Evaluation of the film thickness at the sliding interface resulted in a boundary lubrication regime for all the tests. The changes in oxidation, viscosity, and a viscosity index of the samples were evaluated along with friction coefficients at various sliding speeds. Jatropha oil was the most sensitive to thermo-oxidation. Jatropha oil and the blend showed a higher viscosity increase than automatic transmission fluid with thermo-oxidation, while the viscosity index of all oils was decreased considerably, Jatropha oil and the blend being the most reduced. Finally, the anti-shudder property, as measured by the change in the friction coefficient with a sliding speed, of Jatropha oil and automatic transmission fluid was improved by thermo-oxidation at 26 °C but worsened at 100 °C, meanwhile it was barely affected in the blend. Therefore, these results indicate that using pure Jatropha oil as automatic transmission fluid would be unsuitable, but blending it with automatic transmission fluids in specific proportions may be apposite for improving the friction properties of wet clutches even under thermo-oxidative conditions.

scholarly journals Characterization of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate of Different Oil Processing Industries of Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 897-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Sattar Chang ◽  
Syed Tufail Hussain Sherazi ◽  
Aftab Ahmed Kandhro ◽  
Sarfaraz Ahmed Mahesar ◽  
Fouzia Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oil Processing ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

A Kinetic Study for the Noncatalytic Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 489-500
Author(s):  
Seok Won Hong ◽  
Hyun Jun Cho ◽  
Jin-Kuk Kim ◽  
Faisal Ahmed ◽  
Yeong-Koo Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Appraisal of Biodiesel Prepared Via Acid Catalysis from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 2205-2210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim M. Lokman ◽  
Umer Rashid ◽  
Bryan R. Moser ◽  
Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Catalysis ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals Co-valorization of agro-industry by-products: effect of citrus oil on the quality of soap derived from palm fatty acid distillate and spent bleaching clay

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-575
Author(s):  
Teerasak Punvichai ◽  
Daniel Pioch
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Bleaching Clay ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Basic Solution ◽  
Soap Content ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Spent Bleaching Clay ◽  
By Products ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

This study deals with the co-valorization of spent bleaching clay (SBC) and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) –by-products of palm oil refining plants- through soap manufacture. Obtained SBC and PFAD samples show differing acidity and saponification values depending on fatty acids and acylglycerols content. Soaps are prepared using the stoichiometric amount of NaOH, under the varying proportion of water introduced through the basic solution. The mixing SBC and PFAD (ratio 1:3), the reaction completion (92.5%) is surprisingly higher than expected, indicating a synergistic effect on the course of the saponification reaction. The water is also a critical parameter, 30% w/w of added water allowing the highest yield. When testing for cleaning efficiency the products having the highest soap content, those from individual by-products give a low microbial count reduction after hand-washing (30-37%). But a much better score (74%) is obtained when using SBC:PFAD soap mixtures. This improvement could be due to abrasive and absorption effects of the clay, combined with the high soap content. The acceptability through a panel test is good for all soaps when formulated with citrus oil. The most active product corresponds to a SBC:PFAD ratio close to the production one in refining plants. Therefore these results provide an easy way for co-valorising these by-products, after further optimizing the saponification reaction in this complex triphasic medium (aqueous solution, oil, clay).

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