Evaluation of thermo-oxidized Jatropha bio-oil in lubrication of actual wet clutch materials

In this work, an assessment of the performance of thermo-oxidated Jatropha oil as a lubricant for actual wet clutch materials was performed and compared with a commercial automatic transmission fluid. For this, Jatropha oil, a commercial automatic transmission fluid and a blend of 20 vol% Jatropha oil–80 vol% automatic transmission fluid were subjected to thermo-oxidative aging at 26 °C and 100 °C, followed by a pin-on-disk testing with disk samples from an actual wet clutch. Evaluation of the film thickness at the sliding interface resulted in a boundary lubrication regime for all the tests. The changes in oxidation, viscosity, and a viscosity index of the samples were evaluated along with friction coefficients at various sliding speeds. Jatropha oil was the most sensitive to thermo-oxidation. Jatropha oil and the blend showed a higher viscosity increase than automatic transmission fluid with thermo-oxidation, while the viscosity index of all oils was decreased considerably, Jatropha oil and the blend being the most reduced. Finally, the anti-shudder property, as measured by the change in the friction coefficient with a sliding speed, of Jatropha oil and automatic transmission fluid was improved by thermo-oxidation at 26 °C but worsened at 100 °C, meanwhile it was barely affected in the blend. Therefore, these results indicate that using pure Jatropha oil as automatic transmission fluid would be unsuitable, but blending it with automatic transmission fluids in specific proportions may be apposite for improving the friction properties of wet clutches even under thermo-oxidative conditions.

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Influence of oxidation of automatic transmission fluids (ATFs) and sliding distance on friction coefficients of a wet clutch in the running-in stage

Friction ◽

10.1007/s40544-020-0406-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 401-414

Author(s):

Leonardo Israel Farfan-Cabrera ◽

Ezequiel Alberto Gallardo-Hernández ◽

Manuel Vite-Torres ◽

Jesús Gilberto Godínez-Salcedo

Keyword(s):

Automatic Transmission ◽

Viscosity Index ◽

Composite Plates ◽

Friction Material ◽

Friction Coefficients ◽

Surface Flattening ◽

Wet Clutch ◽

Torque Capacity ◽

Pin On Disk ◽

Sliding Distance

AbstractIn this paper, the influence of oxidation of automatic transmission fluids (ATFs) and sliding distance on the friction coefficients of a wet clutch in approached running-in conditions was investigated. The ATFs were oxidized by a laboratory process approaching oxidation occurred in actual ATFs. Oxidation was evaluated by means of increase in carbonyl compounds and depletion of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs) additives. Also, the changes in kinematic viscosity and viscosity index were evaluated. Pin-on-disk tests were conducted to replicate the actual sliding contact in a wet clutch. The pin specimens were cut from friction material composite plates and the disks were actual steel separators both from an automotive wet clutch. Friction coefficient, μ, was measured at progressive sliding velocity, ν, to obtain μ-ν curves at 26 and 100 ΰC. Three μ-ν tests were consecutively run using the same pair of specimens and oil. The cumulative sliding distance for each μ-ν test generated surface flattening using the oils. The friction coefficients of the wet clutch increased due to the ATFs oxidation meanwhile the dμ/dυ values decreased in most cases. It suggests that ATF oxidation can enhance torque capacity of the wet clutch, but it could reduce anti-shudder property. Progressive sliding distance improved the slopes in the μ-ν results using fresh ATFs meanwhile it generated a slope decrease by using aged ATFs.

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TRIBOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ON PALM FATTY ACID DISTILLATE (PFAD) AS ALTERNATIVE TRANSMISSION FLUID FOR CLUTCH APPLICATION

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v79.12261 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 79 (7-4) ◽

Author(s):

M. A. A. Salleh ◽

M. K. Abdul Hamid ◽

Z. H. Che Daud ◽

A. R. Abu Bakar ◽

S. A. Abu Bakar

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Automatic Transmission ◽

Viscosity Index ◽

Tribological Behaviour ◽

Low Viscosity ◽

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽

Wet Clutch ◽

Transmission Fluid ◽

Tribological Analysis ◽

Fatty Acid Distillate

Typically, a mineral based oil from petroleum refining has been widely used as automatic transmission fluid (ATF) in the wet clutch application. However, it has two major disadvantages: (1) It causes pollution to the environment and (2) It is a non-renewable source. Thus, Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is explored as an alternative lubricant for the wet clutch application. In present study, tribological behaviour of PFAD is first sought using a pin on disk tribo-tester and then its behavior will be compared with the behavior obtained in the commercial ATF. It is found in the friction analysis that PFAD has good anti friction ability at low speeds. In addition, PFAD generates almost identical dynamic friction coefficients obtained in the commercial ATF at velocity of 0.4m/s to 0.9 m/s. A slight positive slope in the friction coefficient–velocity graph indicates that PFAD has tendency to have anti-shudder properties, which can improve engaging quality of the wet clutch. However, PFAD has two weaknesses; low viscosity index and less anti wear ability. Some additives should be added into PFAD so that it can give better friction level and less wear rate.

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Frictional Behavior of a Wet Clutch Using Blends of Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) and Biolubricant (JatrophaOil) in a Pin-on-Disk Tester

Tribology Transactions ◽

10.1080/10402004.2015.1032461 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 58 (5) ◽

pp. 941-946 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Leonardo Israel Farfán-Cabrera ◽

Ezequiel Alberto Gallardo-Hernández ◽

Manuel Vite-Torres ◽

Juan Rodrigo Laguna-Camacho

Keyword(s):

Automatic Transmission ◽

Frictional Behavior ◽

Wet Clutch ◽

Transmission Fluid ◽

Pin On Disk

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Wet Clutch Performance in a Mineral-Based, and in a Partial-Synthetic-Based Automatic Transmission Fluid

10.4271/970976 ◽

1997 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Bülent Cavdar ◽

Robert C. Lam

Keyword(s):

Automatic Transmission ◽

Wet Clutch ◽

Transmission Fluid

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Experimental study on the friction stability of paper-based clutches concerning groove patterns

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology ◽

10.1108/ilt-03-2019-0098 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

pp. 541-548 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Liang Yu ◽

Biao Ma ◽

Man Chen ◽

He Yan Li ◽

Jikai Liu

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Surface Temperature ◽

Design Methodology ◽

Automatic Transmission ◽

Applied Pressure ◽

Friction Torque ◽

Content Type ◽

Rotating Speed ◽

Wet Clutch ◽

Transmission Fluid

Purpose This paper aims to study and compare the friction stability of wet paper-based clutches with regard to the radial grooves (RG) and waffle grooves (WG). Design/methodology/approach This paper presents an experimental study of a wet clutch concerning the effect of groove patterns on the friction torque and surface temperature. The friction stabilities of RG and WG are investigated with the applied pressure, rotating speed and automatic transmission fluid (ATF) temperature taken into consideration. Findings The friction torque and surface temperature of WG are larger than those of RG under the same operating condition. The friction torque difference between RG and WG grows with the increase of applied pressure and narrows with the increase of ATF temperature. Additionally, their temperature difference expands via increasing the rotating speed and ATF temperature or reducing the applied pressure; in this way, not only the variable coefficient difference between RG and WG can be narrowed, but also the friction stability of the clutch can be improved dramatically. Originality/value This paper explains the thermodynamic differences between RG and WG; moreover, it is verified experimentally that WG has a better friction stability than RG.

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Wet Clutch Performance in a Mineral-Based and in a Partial-Synthetic-Based Automatic Transmission Fluid

Tribology Transactions ◽

10.1080/10402009808983736 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 160-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bülent Çavdar ◽

Robert C. Lam

Keyword(s):

Automatic Transmission ◽

Wet Clutch ◽

Transmission Fluid

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Physical and rheological investigation of vegetable oils and their effect as lubricants in mechanical components

MRS Advances ◽

10.1557/adv.2019.407 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (59-60) ◽

pp. 3291-3297

Author(s):

Ricardo Ortega-Álvarez ◽

Guillermo E. Aguilar-Cortés ◽

María T. Hernández-Sierra ◽

Luis D. Aguilera-Camacho ◽

J. S. García-Miranda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vegetable Oils ◽

Castor Oil ◽

Viscosity Index ◽

Sesame Oil ◽

Rotational Viscometer ◽

Lubrication Regime ◽

Mechanical Component ◽

Mechanical Components ◽

Mixed Lubrication Regime ◽

Pin On Disk

ABSTRACTThe aim of this investigation was to study castor, canola, and sesame vegetable oils in order to evaluate their potential use as lubricants in steel mechanical components. For this purpose, densities of each oil were evaluated using the pycnometer method, as well as their dynamic viscosities through a Brookfield DV-II rotational viscometer. Both properties were evaluated at temperatures of 25, 40 and 100 °C. Additionally, viscosity indexes were determined according to ASTM D 2270. These rheological properties were used to estimate the lubrication regime considering parameters of real contact conditions in mechanical components. Friction and wear analyses were carried out to investigate the behaviour of the vegetable oil as lubricants. Such tests were carried out at room temperature on a CSM tribometer with pin-on-disk configuration by using castor, canola and sesame oils as lubricants. AISI 4140 hardened steel against AISI 100Cr6 steel pin was used as a mechanical component. From the rheological study, it was observed that canola and sesame oils behave as dilatant fluids at the evaluated temperatures, while castor oil behaves like a Newtonian fluid at 25 and 40 °C. Castor oil showed the highest density value among oils studied, but it also exhibited the lowest value of viscosity index (271). Contrarily, sesame oil was the least dense, but it exhibited the highest viscosity index (545). On the other hand, the lubrication regime study showed that by using castor oil as a lubricant in the mechanical component (4140/100Cr6), the system worked in a mixed lubrication regime while by using canola and sesame oils the system operated in boundary lubrication conditions. Finally, the kinetic friction coefficients were different for each lubricant obtaining the lowest value with castor oil while the highest value of friction coefficient was exhibited by the sesame oil lubricant.

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ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION USING FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED (FTIR) SPECTROCOPY

e-Academia Journal ◽

10.24191/e-aj.v7isi-temic18.5378 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (SI-TeMIC18) ◽

Author(s):

Norhanifah Abdul Rahman ◽

Matzaini Katon Katon ◽

Nurina Alya Zulkifli Zulkifli

Keyword(s):

Fourier Transform ◽

Automatic Transmission ◽

Fourier Transform Infrared ◽

Oil Analysis ◽

Wear Particles ◽

Reliable Technique ◽

Fluid Analysis ◽

Analysis Technique ◽

Machine Elements ◽

Transmission Fluid

Automatic Transmission (AT) system is efficient in the aspects of vehicle safety, comfort, reliability and driving performance. The objectives of this paper are to collect the oil samples from AT systems of engine bus according to manufacturer's recommendations and analyse collected oil samples using oil analysis technique. The sample transmission fluid which was taken from the AT gearbox has been experimentally analyzed. The oil samples were taken with an interval of 5,000km, 30,000km, 50,000km, 80,000km, 180,000km and 300,000km for AT bus operation. These samples then have been analyzed by comparing between new and used transmission fluid using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Oil analysis by FTIR is a form of Predictive Maintenance (PdM) to avoid major failure in machine elements. Most machine elements are not easily accessible in the transmission system. Having a reliable technique would avoid the needs to open the components unnecessarily, hence, help to prevent catastrophic failure which are very costly, and ease of regular monitoring. In order to identify the major failures of automatic gearbox, forecasts can be made regarding the lube transmission fluid analysis test. By using this test, the minor problems can be determined before they become major failures. At the end of this research, the wear particles profile for interval mileage of AT system was obtained. Keywords: Wear, Automatic Transmission (AT), Transmission fluid, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Oil analysis.

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