MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PALM KERNEL OIL-COPPER OXIDE NANOLUBRICANT

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (7-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Afifah, A. N. ◽  
Syahrullail, S. ◽  
Amirrul Amin M. ◽  
Faizal, H. M.
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Extreme Pressure ◽  
Wear Scar Diameter ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Load Carrying

Since the last decade, vegetable oil has received tremendous attention as an alternative lubricant because of worsening state of environmental health and finite resources of mineral oil. However, the use of vegetable oil is restricted due to the poor low temperature fluidity and thermal-oxidative stability. These drawbacks can be enhanced by adding additive into the solution of vegetable oil. Thus, objective of this research is to investigate the influence of adding nanoparticle additive on tribological performance of palm kernel oil. The type of nanoparticle used throughout this study is copper oxide, which serves as anti-wear additive. Palm kernel oil (PKO), palm kernel oil-copper oxide nanoparticle (PKO-CuO), mineral oil (SAE-40), synthetic oil (SAE15W-50) are used as lubricant. Tribological properties if the used lubricants are evaluated using fourball tribotester under standard load and extreme pressure tests. Experimental results showed that the presence of nanoparticles in natural palm kernel oil improved tribological performances of friction and wear. The friction coefficient and wear scar diameter are reduced by approximately 5.0% and 3.5% respectively. The highest enhancement in friction coefficient value of ~20% was obtained under extreme pressure condition. Addition of nanoparticle also is found to improve load carrying capacity of PKO by 15%. 

TRIBOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF PALM KERNEL OIL WITH ADDITION OF POUR POINT DEPRESSANTS AS A LUBRICANT USING FOUR-BALL TRIBOTESTER UNDER VARIABLE LOAD TEST

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (7-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiman, Y. ◽  
Syahrullail, S. ◽  
W. J. Yahya
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Low Temperature Performance

The growing of worldwide trend for promoting the use of the renewable material such as vegetable oil is due to the increasing concern about environmental damage that caused by the use of mineral oil which is not biodegradable. Vegetable oil has a potential to replace mineral oil as a lubricant because of its specific properties that is non-toxic and biodegradable. The main problem in using vegetable oil is having poor low temperature performance. In this research palm kernel oil (PKO) that behave a semi solid phase is used as a bio lubricant mixing with different weightage percentage of poor point depressant (PPD) to investigate the low temperature behaviour performance and also to determine the effect of lubricity performance when blended with different percentage of PPD (5w%, 10wt%, 20wt% and 30wt %). The experiment is according to ASTM D4172 with variation load test. The result of the experiment show that for low temperature performance, PKO with 20wt%PPD (A2-20%) and 30wt%PPD (A2-30%) show great performance which can withstand 15℃. The sample A2-20% shows good lubricity performance in terms of coefficient of friction compare to the other sample. The lubricity performance in terms of wear scar diameter (WSD) it can see that the different percentage PPD do not affect the WSD properties of the pure palm kernel oil. The most consistent and the desired value of the sample in terms of surface roughness is A2-5% and A2-10% where the surface roughness value is stable through the entire load test.

TRIBOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF PALM KERNEL OIL ADDED WITH NANOPARTICLE COPPER OXIDE USING FOURBALL TRIBOTESTER

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (7-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Zulhanafi ◽  
Syahrullail, S. ◽  
M. M. Faridzuan
Keyword(s):  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Wear Scar ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Wear Scar Diameter ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Result Analysis

The remaining base stock of mineral oil resources is drawing attention to the researchers all over the world as the technology development is keep increasing over the years. Researchers also keep trying to figure out this issue by diverting the attention to other resources such as vegetable oil. This study is focusing on using palm oil based as lubricant with addition of nanoparticles copper oxide to improve the tribological behavior. There are 3 types of lubricant being used in this study which are mineral based engine oil (SAE 40), palm kernel oil (PKO) and palm kernel oil added with nanoparticle copper oxide (PKO+CuO). Fourball tribotester machine was used and the experiment was conducted by following the ASTM D4172 standard. The result analysis was focusing on coefficient of friction, wear scar diameter, surface roughness as well as wear worn observation. It was found that, PKO+CuO exhibited 20.12% and 8.73% lower coefficient of friction compared to SAE 40 and PKO respectively. However, PKO+CuO represented 10.13% and 1.74% higher wear scar diameter compared to SAE 40 and PKO respectively. The physical appearances of wear worn were observed and further discussed in this present study.

scholarly journals Durability studies of an indirect diesel engine run on raw palm kernel oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
Godwin K. Ayetor ◽  
Joseph Parbey ◽  
Gabriel Osei
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Durability Test ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

This works considered the possibility of using raw palm kernel oil as an alternative to petroleum diesel fuel in a VW engine. At present, very little results on engine durability tests of palm kernel oil use as a fuel has been recorded in literature. A Four-stroke indirect injection diesel engine with capacity of 314,280x 10³mm³ and compression ratio 20.1:1 with constant water cooler was used for the investigation. The engine used for the experimentation is an indirect diesel engine, which is normally the type installed on agricultural engines. The engine was run alternatively for 100 hours on petroleum diesel and palm kernel oil respectively. After the durability test, sample of the lubricating oil was collected and sent for laboratory test. Viscosity, additives and metallic debris was analysed during the laboratory test for both fuel cases to determine wear. Visual inspection was also carried out to determine the state of the engine before and after each run. The engine run with petroleum diesel fuel was compared with that of the engine with palm kernel oil based on their fuel supply system and the lubricating oil analysis. The results showed that raw palm kernel oil can be used as a substitute to petroleum diesel in an indirect diesel engine without any significant damage. In terms wear, the vegetable oil even showed better performance due to its high lubricity compared with petroleum diesel fuel. It is recommended that a heating system be installed on the engine to run on palm kernel oil. Keywords: palm kernel oil; raw vegetable oil; straight vegetable oil; durability; lubrication oil.

scholarly journals Elimination of Aflatoxins from Two Selected Nigerian Vegetable Oils using Magnetic Chitosan Nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Oluyinka Eunice Aringbangba ◽  
◽  
Flora Oluwafemi ◽  
Adelodun Lawrence Kolapo ◽  
Abideen Idowu Adeogun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Magnetic Chitosan ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Contamination Levels

Abstract Activated charcoal and imarsil (local adsorbent) had shown significant Aflatoxin (AF) decontamination potentials in vegetable oil at a low AF contamination level of ≤ 9 ng/L. AF contamination in vegetable oils can be more than a hundred-fold of this. Therefore, it is needed to investigate the potential of other adsorbents at higher AF contamination levels. Magnetic Chitosan Nanoparticle (MCNP) was synthesized, and its aflatoxins extraction efficiency from two edible vegetable oils was investigated. MCNP exhibited extraction efficiencies of 82.80 – 100% and 94.87 – 100% in palm kernel oil and palm oil at the contamination levels of 579.6 and 964.6 ng/L respectively. Total aflatoxins cleanup of the palm oil and palm kernel oil was possible at 30 °C within 30 and 60 minutes, respectively, at the optimized condition of 4.4 mg/L MCNP. MCNP concentration, temperature of extraction, and contact time were significant (p < 0.05) in palm kernel oil, while these conditions were not significant (p > 0.05) in palm oil. The results of the present investigation depict that the AF extraction efficiency of MCNP depends on the type of vegetable oil and that MCNP could be a credible alternative for AF decontamination of the investigated vegetable oil. Keywords: aflatoxins, chitosan, contamination, nanoparticles, vegetable oils

scholarly journals RESPONSE OF LAYING HENS TO DIFFERENT INCLUSION LEVELS OF PALM KERNEL MEAL AND VEGETABLE OIL

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
O. G. LONGE ◽  
O. E. ADEKOYA
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Meal ◽  
Palm Kernel Meal

Palm kernel meal (PMK) was isonitrogenously substituted at 15.9 and 31.8% into a maize-groundnut meal-based diet and balanced for dietary energy by adding 2.5 or 5.0% vegetable oil as palm oil (PO) or palm kernel oil (PKO). The five diets including the basal diet were fed to 26-week-old Ross brown pullets for 12 weeks. The utilization of major nutrients and production performance were unaffected by the inclusion of 15.9% P MK with either of the two oils. Increased egg output for birds fed this level offset the noted increase in feed intake. Depressed dry matter, energy and crude fibre retention, were associated with 31.8% PKM in the diet but hen day egg production, egg weight and efficiency of feed conversion were not adversely affected. The contribution of oils to efficient utilization of a diet containing a fibre source as palm kernel meal, apart from boosting up dietary energy, is discussed along with the advantage that may accrue with the feeding of either palm oil or palm kernel oil.

Kinetics Studies of Epoxidation and Oxirane Cleavage-Epoxidized Palm Kernel Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-240
Author(s):  
Mohd Jumain Jalil ◽  
Aliff Farhan Mohd Yamin ◽  
Mohd Saufi Md Zaini ◽  
Veronique Gloria V. Siduru ◽  
Norhashimah Morad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Reference Material ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Simulation Data ◽  
Kinetic Rate ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kinetics Studies ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Oxirane Cleavage

Background: Studies pertaining to the epoxidation of fatty acids, garnered much interest in recent years due to the rising demand of eco-friendly epoxides derived from vegetable oils. Methods: Epoxide is an important chemical precursor for the production of alcohols, glycols and polymers, like polyesters and epoxy resin. Epoxidation is the name given to the reaction when the double bonds are converted into epoxide. Results: Temperature at 55oC was used as a reference material in the epoxide process, as it produces a high yield epoxide being 88%. The kinetic rate of epoxidized palm kernel oil, k was obtained to be k11= 0.5125, k12= 0.05045, k21= 0.03185, k41= 0.01 and k51= 0.01243. Conclusion: Hence, by fitting the result with the experimental work and simulation, the summation of error being stimulated by I-sight simulation was 0.731116428 and the correlation between the experimental and simulation data was 0.925544.

scholarly journals Production of biolubricant samples from palm kernel oil using different chemical modification approaches

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel O. Egbuna ◽  
Ukeh J. Nwachukwu ◽  
Chinedu M. Agu ◽  
Christain O. Asadu ◽  
Bernard Okolo
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil
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