scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of the Thermal Aging of Solid Insulation in Mineral Oil and Methyl Ester of Palm Kernel Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 (05) ◽  
pp. 166-183
Author(s):  
Gerard Ombick Boyekong ◽  
Ghislain Mengata Mengounou ◽  
Adolphe Moukengue Imano
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Thermal Aging ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Solid Insulation

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PALM KERNEL OIL-COPPER OXIDE NANOLUBRICANT

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (7-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Afifah, A. N. ◽  
Syahrullail, S. ◽  
Amirrul Amin M. ◽  
Faizal, H. M.
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Extreme Pressure ◽  
Wear Scar Diameter ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Load Carrying

Since the last decade, vegetable oil has received tremendous attention as an alternative lubricant because of worsening state of environmental health and finite resources of mineral oil. However, the use of vegetable oil is restricted due to the poor low temperature fluidity and thermal-oxidative stability. These drawbacks can be enhanced by adding additive into the solution of vegetable oil. Thus, objective of this research is to investigate the influence of adding nanoparticle additive on tribological performance of palm kernel oil. The type of nanoparticle used throughout this study is copper oxide, which serves as anti-wear additive. Palm kernel oil (PKO), palm kernel oil-copper oxide nanoparticle (PKO-CuO), mineral oil (SAE-40), synthetic oil (SAE15W-50) are used as lubricant. Tribological properties if the used lubricants are evaluated using fourball tribotester under standard load and extreme pressure tests. Experimental results showed that the presence of nanoparticles in natural palm kernel oil improved tribological performances of friction and wear. The friction coefficient and wear scar diameter are reduced by approximately 5.0% and 3.5% respectively. The highest enhancement in friction coefficient value of ~20% was obtained under extreme pressure condition. Addition of nanoparticle also is found to improve load carrying capacity of PKO by 15%. 

TRIBOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF PALM KERNEL OIL WITH ADDITION OF POUR POINT DEPRESSANTS AS A LUBRICANT USING FOUR-BALL TRIBOTESTER UNDER VARIABLE LOAD TEST

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (7-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiman, Y. ◽  
Syahrullail, S. ◽  
W. J. Yahya
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Low Temperature Performance

The growing of worldwide trend for promoting the use of the renewable material such as vegetable oil is due to the increasing concern about environmental damage that caused by the use of mineral oil which is not biodegradable. Vegetable oil has a potential to replace mineral oil as a lubricant because of its specific properties that is non-toxic and biodegradable. The main problem in using vegetable oil is having poor low temperature performance. In this research palm kernel oil (PKO) that behave a semi solid phase is used as a bio lubricant mixing with different weightage percentage of poor point depressant (PPD) to investigate the low temperature behaviour performance and also to determine the effect of lubricity performance when blended with different percentage of PPD (5w%, 10wt%, 20wt% and 30wt %). The experiment is according to ASTM D4172 with variation load test. The result of the experiment show that for low temperature performance, PKO with 20wt%PPD (A2-20%) and 30wt%PPD (A2-30%) show great performance which can withstand 15℃. The sample A2-20% shows good lubricity performance in terms of coefficient of friction compare to the other sample. The lubricity performance in terms of wear scar diameter (WSD) it can see that the different percentage PPD do not affect the WSD properties of the pure palm kernel oil. The most consistent and the desired value of the sample in terms of surface roughness is A2-5% and A2-10% where the surface roughness value is stable through the entire load test.

scholarly journals Impact of FeO3 on the AC breakdown voltage and acidity index of a palm kernel oil methyl ester based nanofluid

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 275-280
Author(s):  
Jean-Bernard Asse ◽  
G. Mengata Mengounou ◽  
Adolphe Moukengue Imano
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Breakdown Voltage ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Acidity Index

scholarly journals Eucalyptus-Palm Kernel Oil Blends: A Complete Elimination of Diesel in a 4-Stroke VCR Diesel Engine

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivas Kommana ◽  
Balu Naik Banoth ◽  
Kalyani Radha Kadavakollu
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Compression Ratio ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Eucalyptus Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

Fuels derived from biomass are mostly preferred as alternative fuels for IC engines as they are abundantly available and renewable in nature. The objective of the study is to identify the parameters that influence gross indicated fuel conversion efficiency and how they are affected by the use of biodiesel relative to petroleum diesel. Important physicochemical properties of palm kernel oil and eucalyptus blend were experimentally evaluated and found within acceptable limits of relevant standards. As most of vegetable oils are edible, growing concern for trying nonedible and waste fats as alternative to petrodiesel has emerged. In present study diesel fuel is completely replaced by biofuels, namely, methyl ester of palm kernel oil and eucalyptus oil in various blends. Different blends of palm kernel oil and eucalyptus oil are prepared on volume basis and used as operating fuel in single cylinder 4-stroke variable compression ratio diesel engine. Performance and emission characteristics of these blends are studied by varying the compression ratio. In the present experiment methyl ester extracted from palm kernel oil is considered as ignition improver and eucalyptus oil is considered as the fuel. The blends taken are PKE05 (palm kernel oil 95 + eucalyptus 05), PKE10 (palm kernel oil 90 + eucalyptus 10), and PKE15 (palm kernel 85 + eucalyptus 15). The results obtained by operating with these fuels are compared with results of pure diesel; finally the most preferable combination and the preferred compression ratio are identified.

705 Diesel Combustion Characteristics of Palm Kernel Oil Methyl Ester

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007.44 (0) ◽  
pp. 269-270
Author(s):  
Eiji KINOSHITA ◽  
Hidenori TSURU ◽  
Kazunori HAMASAKI ◽  
Thet MYO
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Diesel Combustion ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

scholarly journals Catalytic thermal decarboxylation of palm kernel oil basic soap into drop-in fuel

2019 ◽  
Vol 268 ◽  
pp. 06014
Author(s):  
Godlief Neonufa ◽  
Meiti Pratiwi ◽  
Tirto Prakoso ◽  
Ronny Purwadi ◽  
Tatang Soerawidjaja
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Good Yield ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Model Compounds ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Zinc Metal ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Thermal Decarboxylation

Catalytic thermal decarboxylation of basic soaps derived from palm kernel oil to produce dropin fuel was investigated. The C12/14 and C12/16 methyl ester had been used as the model compounds of this study. The purpose of this study was to produce drop-in fuel, especially jets biofuel, by catalytic thermal decarboxylation of basic soaps from palm kernel oils. In this study, two types of Magnesium-Zinc metal combination were used for preparing the basic soaps, both directly have a role as a catalyst. The reaction was carried out at 370°C and atmospheric pressure for 3 hours in the semi-batch reactor. Approximately 41 and 43 weight% of the yield and selectivity of about 97 and 98% toward the jets biofuel had been obtained in both experiments, respectively. The results showed that decarboxylation of basic soaps of C12/14 and C12/16 methyl ester were converted into drop-in fuel, especially jets biofuel in the relatively good yield of conversion.

scholarly journals THE DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM CONDITION FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF ALKYL MONOETHANOLAMIDE FROM PALM KERNEL OIL

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilyati Hilyati ◽  
Wuryaningsih Wuryaningsih ◽  
M. Nasir ◽  
Tasrif Tasrif ◽  
T. Beuna
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Amidation Reaction ◽  
Ester Product

Synthesis of alkyl monoethanolamide from palm kernel oil was done by two steps reaction that are esterification and amidation. The esterification, that is the reaction between palm kernel oil and methanol with mole ratio of 1:3 using acid catalyst (H2SO4) 4 % at temperature 60 OC for two hours, results in methyl ester palm kernel oil. The methyl ester product was produced by amidation reaction on any variation of time, temperature, catalyst, catalyst concentration and ratio of the reactan. The best result of the synthesis (amide conversion of 98.15 %) was obtained at temperature of 160 OC for 6 hours with mole ratio of methyl ester palm kernel oil to ethanol amine (ratio of the reactan) 1:1 using KOH catalyst 0.5 % and H2SO4 catalyst 0.5 %.   Keywords: alkyl mono ethanol amide, surfactant, palm kernel oil, esterification, methyl ester, emulsifier

scholarly journals Preliminary investigation of transesterified waste cooking oil (WCO) as a biodiesel

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Nnamani ◽  
P. N. Okwu ◽  
B. John ◽  
O. J. Abayeh
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

This research focuses on the production of cheap biodiesel from waste cooking oil [WCO], using the transesterification method. A disadvantage of biodiesel produced from virgin oils is that it is still more expensive than D2 petroleum diesel [diesel sold in filling stations]. The trust therefore of this study is the production of relatively cheap biodiesel, from a cheap feedstock. The conversion of the WCO involved the use of excess methanol and potassium hydroxide (as a homogenous catalyst), in a separatory funnel with vigorous agitation for 30 mins at a temperature of (40 0C). The mixture was thereafter allowed to stand overnight, and two layers were observed. The upper biodiesel [waste cooking oil methyl ester-WCOMe] layer was purified by washing with water [10ml x 5] and dried (anhydrous sodium sulphate). Improvised procedures were used to determine the following fuel quality parameters (viscosity, flash point, cloud point and pour point) and afforded 29.8 sec, 240 0C, 1.0 0C and 0.8 0C respectively. The reaction was conducted within 30 mins at 40 0C. Palm kernel oil methyl ester [PKOMe] was produced from palm kernel oil [PKO] using the same process for WCOMe and the cost of production based on feedstock price only compared. Use of WCO feedstock drastically reduced the production cost of WCOMe when compared to palm kernel oil methyl ester [PKOMe]. Production cost of WCOMe was free compared to N520.83 L-1 for PKOMe. The presence of fatty acid methyl esters in WCOMe and PKOMe was confirmed by GC. Waste cooking oil as feedstock for biodiesel should therefore be encouraged as it affords a relatively cheap fuel and remediates the disposal of WCO as an environmental hazard.

Kinetics Studies of Epoxidation and Oxirane Cleavage-Epoxidized Palm Kernel Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-240
Author(s):  
Mohd Jumain Jalil ◽  
Aliff Farhan Mohd Yamin ◽  
Mohd Saufi Md Zaini ◽  
Veronique Gloria V. Siduru ◽  
Norhashimah Morad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Reference Material ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Simulation Data ◽  
Kinetic Rate ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kinetics Studies ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Oxirane Cleavage

Background: Studies pertaining to the epoxidation of fatty acids, garnered much interest in recent years due to the rising demand of eco-friendly epoxides derived from vegetable oils. Methods: Epoxide is an important chemical precursor for the production of alcohols, glycols and polymers, like polyesters and epoxy resin. Epoxidation is the name given to the reaction when the double bonds are converted into epoxide. Results: Temperature at 55oC was used as a reference material in the epoxide process, as it produces a high yield epoxide being 88%. The kinetic rate of epoxidized palm kernel oil, k was obtained to be k11= 0.5125, k12= 0.05045, k21= 0.03185, k41= 0.01 and k51= 0.01243. Conclusion: Hence, by fitting the result with the experimental work and simulation, the summation of error being stimulated by I-sight simulation was 0.731116428 and the correlation between the experimental and simulation data was 0.925544.

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