scholarly journals The Sampling Conundrum in Qualitative Research: Can Saturation Help Alleviate the Controversy and Alleged Subjectivity in Sampling?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Favourate Y Sebele-Mpofu
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Research Question ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Sampling Process ◽  
Adequate Sample Size

Sampling is one of the most controversial matters in qualitative research. Qualitative researchers have often been denounced for not giving adequate rationalisations for their sample size resolutions. This study aimed to provide an extensive review of sampling methods used in qualitative research and discuss the extent to which saturation might help alleviate the issues concerning these methods, sample size sufficiency and when to sample. The study specifically honed on the sampling adequacy (how big or how small should a sample be), the sampling techniques used and whether sample sizes should be delineated a priori, posteriori or during analysis. Having highlighted, the paradoxically nature of these aspects, through an overview of the sampling process, the researcher explored saturation as a tool to alleviate the challenges and the lack of objectivity in sampling in qualitative research. The overall findings were that, saturation does provide same degree of transparency and quality in sampling, but the concept is not immune to controversy, guidelines on how to apply it or achieve it remain foggy and contestable among researchers. Discussions are in most cases oversimplified and comparatively unknowledgeable. The answer to the research question, was that, what really constitutes an adequate sample size is only answerable within the context of the study, scientific paradigm, epistemological stance, ontological and methodological assumptions of the research conducted. Contextualisation of the mode of saturation adopted, clear articulation of the research methodology and transparent reporting of the whole process is key to enhance the role of saturation in alleviating subjectivity in sampling. This paper sought to make a contribution to the on-going methodological discourse on how qualitative researchers can justify their sampling decisions.

Qualitative Sampling Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-581
Author(s):  
Sara L. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Quantitative Sampling ◽  
Data Saturation ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Research Studies

Qualitative sampling methods differ from quantitative sampling methods. It is important that one understands those differences, as well as, appropriate qualitative sampling techniques. Appropriate sampling choices enhance the rigor of qualitative research studies. These types of sampling strategies are presented, along with the pros and cons of each. Sample size and data saturation are discussed.

Analysis of the Collaborative Learning Application in Reading Material at Ninth Grade of SMPN 7 Kinali Pasaman Barat

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-88
Author(s):  
Sukini Sukini ◽  
Hilma Pami Putri
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Collaborative Learning ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Ninth Grade ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reading Material ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Object Based

This research was designed to find out and analyze of the collaborative learning application in reading material at ninth grade of SMPN 7 Kinali Pasaman Barat. This research conducted due to several problems found in the field which were students make a fuss when working in groups, students do not listen to given the assignment by the teacher. It can be seen that there were students who work on group assignments that care and others were just busy talking with others. This research was done in order to answer the research question “What were the role of student and what were the role of teacher in collaborative learning at the ninth grade of SMPN 7 Kinali Pasaman Barat?” This research was a qualitative research using collaborative learning strategy. The purpose of this research was to find out and analyze the collaborative learning applicationin reading material at the ninth grade of SMPN 7 KinaliPasaman Barat by analyzing the teacher’s and students’ role in the collaborative learning. The researcher used interview and observation as the instrument of the research. The interview was directed to both students and teacher, which for the students contained 12 questions and for the teacher contained 7 questions. The researcher took 2 classes namely IX1 and IX2 as the observation object.                    Based on the finding from interview and observation of the collaborative learning in SMPN 7 Kinali Pasaman Barat, it was found that the teacher already fulfilled her role in the collaborative learning effectively, in the other hand the students still lack of the role as the cheer leader. They still laughed at their friends mistake. Besides that, the other roles that the students supposed to have were already done effectively. As the conclusion, the collaborative learning in SMPN 7 Kinali Pasaman Barat was good since the students and the teacher were doing their role effectively

scholarly journals Statistical Primer for Athletic Trainers: Understanding the Role of Statistical Power in Comparative Athletic Training Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 716-719
Author(s):  
Monica R. Lininger ◽  
Bryan L. Riemann
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Training Research ◽  
Α Level

Objective: To describe the concept of statistical power as related to comparative interventions and how various factors, including sample size, affect statistical power.Background: Having a sufficiently sized sample for a study is necessary for an investigation to demonstrate that an effective treatment is statistically superior. Many researchers fail to conduct and report a priori sample-size estimates, which then makes it difficult to interpret nonsignificant results and causes the clinician to question the planning of the research design.Description: Statistical power is the probability of statistically detecting a treatment effect when one truly exists. The α level, a measure of differences between groups, the variability of the data, and the sample size all affect statistical power.Recommendations: Authors should conduct and provide the results of a priori sample-size estimations in the literature. This will assist clinicians in determining whether the lack of a statistically significant treatment effect is due to an underpowered study or to a treatment's actually having no effect.

Sampling in Qualitative Research

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Musarrat Shaheen ◽  
Sudeepta Pradhan ◽  
Ranajee
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Sample Size Estimation ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Purposeful Sampling ◽  
Data Saturation ◽  
The Right

The chapter discusses different types of sampling methods used in qualitative research to select information-rich cases. Two types of sampling techniques are discussed in the past qualitative studies—the theoretical and the purposeful sampling techniques. The chapter illustrates these two types of sampling techniques relevant examples. The sample size estimation and the point of data saturation and data sufficiency are also discussed in the chapter. The chapter will help the scholars and researchers in selecting the right technique for their qualitative study.

scholarly journals The second step in data analysis: Coding qualitative research data

2015 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 007-010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Stuckey
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Research Question ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Diabetes Research ◽  
Data Dictionary ◽  
Qualitative Researcher

AbstractCoding is a process used in the analysis of qualitative research, which takes time and creativity. Three steps will help facilitate this process:1. Reading through the data and creating a storyline;2. Categorizing the data into codes; and3. Using memos for clarification and interpretation.Remembering the research question or storyline, while coding will help keep the qualitative researcher focused on relevant codes. A data dictionary can be used to define the meaning of the codes and keep the process transparent. Coding is done using either predetermined (a priori) or emergent codes, and most often, a combination of the two. By using memos to help clarify how the researcher is constructing the codes and his/her interpretations, the analysis will be easier to write in the end and have more consistency. This paper describes the process of coding and writing memos in the analysis of qualitative data related to diabetes research.

scholarly journals Penyaluran Dari Tunai Ke Non Tunai: Studi Peran Pendamping dalam Mengawal Konversi PKH di Dlingo

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-62
Author(s):  
Riswantoro Riswantoro
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Probability Sampling ◽  
Distribution Process ◽  
And Training

Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) is the country’s poverty reduction policy. In 2017, CCT has changed its cash distribution mechanism to non-cash. The change in the distribution mechanism was alleged as the state’s response to the problems that arose beforehand so that through non-cash it could be really well received by the beneficiaries effectively. This policy change is evenly distributed throughout Indonesia, including in Bantul Regency, Dlingo District. To see the effectiveness of the program from cash to non-cash, this article aims to examine the role of facilitators in the distribution process to beneficiaries. This article is a development of the results of qualitative research. The data collection is through the interview, observation, and documentation methods. Meanwhile, not all participants were interviewed, but only a small part was taken by probability sampling methods. The results of the study in this article show that the role of the facilitator can run effectively with several main activities, including participant sharing, education, and training for beneficiaries, assisting the priority and empowering potential, and organizing learning groups.Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) adalah kebijakan penanggulangan kemiskinan negeri ini. Di tahun 2017 PKH telah berubah mekanisme penyalurannya dari tunai menjadi non tunai. Perubahan mekanisme penyaluran ini disinyalir sebagai respon negara atas persoalan yang muncul sebelumnya sehingga melalui non tunai dapat betul-betul diterima dengan baik oleh Keluarga Penerima Manfaat (KPM) secara efektif. Perubahan kebijakan ini merata di seluruh Indonesia tidak terkecuali di Kabupaten Bantul, Kecamatan Dlingo. Untuk melihat efektivitas program dari tunai ke non tunai, artikel ini hendak mengkaji tentang peran pendamping dalam proses penyaluran kepada KPM. Artikel ini merupakan pengembangan dari hasil penelitian kualitatif. Adapun pengambilan data melalui metode wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Tentu pengambilan data tidak semua peserta diwawancarai, namun hanya sebagian kecil diambil dengan metode probability sampling. Hasil kajian pada artikel ini menunjukan bahwa peran pendamping dapat berjalan secara efektif dengan beberapa kegiatan pokok, antara lain: pembagian peserta, pendidikan dan pelatihan bagi KPM, mendampingi yang prioritas dan memberdayakan yang potensial, dan pengorganisasian kelompok belajar.

scholarly journals The Role of InteractiveTeaching Strategies in Business Education: Challenges for the 21st Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
Eleonora Gabriela Contu
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Business Education ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Educational Training ◽  
Interactive Teaching ◽  
New Information ◽  
Information And Communication

Abstract In contemporary context, broad innovation in the education domain through the use and capitalization of interactive teaching strategies in the educational-training process can only help improve the teaching and training of younger generations in order for them to adapt and achieve performance in line with labour market challenges. The role of teachers as tutors that shape destinies towards performance and success is essential in a modern and complex society. Worldwide, training intelligent and fascinating young people is a challenge today. Success arises from the ability of teachers who have to form younger generations not to memorize and repeat information, but to build a space that is adequate for a harmonious development of excellent people who guide themselves in life according to moral values and principles. The study rely on a qualitative research, conducted on a sample of convenience, consisting of 56 respondents (students at a Business School from Bucharest, Romania). The research question raised at this point is: What is the role of interactive teaching in the educational-training process? The purposes of this study are: 1). to highlight the importance of using interactive teaching methods in business education; 2). to present the main aspects for achieving an effective didactic communication; 3). to highlight the importance of education as a means of investing in human capital; 4). to emphasize the way in which New Information and Communication Technologies influence the educational-training process; 5). to present the qualitative research findings.It was found that interactive teaching has a great importance for the whole interactive -teaching process. The ideas mentioned by the young respondents surprisingly render the issue of digitization and its effects on the educational-training process.The topic of this paper is interesting and its original content provides information for further researches in this area.

scholarly journals PERAN AKAL DALAM MEMAHAMI PENGETAHUAN LADUNI (TELAAH KITAB RISALAH AL-LADUNIYYAH AL GHAZALI)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Azizatun Nisa
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Rational Form ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Concrete World

This research is a qualitative research. The aim is finding out the role of reason in understanding laduni knowledge. In this case laduni knowledge is the same as intuition. The relationship of reason and intuition which is essentially always in an interactive condition, first seeing the types of knowledge that can be captured by humans. According to al-Ghazali there are four kinds of levels of existence (being). First. The metaphysical form, according to him, is summarized in the Mahfudh letter. Second, empirical forms in the concrete world (alam syahadah). Third, imaginary (imaginative), and fourth, rational form (al-ma’qulat). The relationship of reason and intuition, al-Ghazali made a parable of people who gained knowledge with reason likened to a child and those who obtained knowledge with intuition were likened to (al-mumayyiz). The parable above implies the existence of a level between the two and does not mean there is a separation between each. If this is related to the theory of the human ratio (al- nafs al-natiqoh) after being able to capture a priori or dharuriyyat knowledge, in turn it shows two abilities, namely, the ability to produce knowledge through understanding (through) feeling . The first is creative-methodical-systematic, while the second is creative-non-systematic-systematic. Thus, it is clear that the nature of both knowledge comes from the same source as the derivative of the soul and therefore both are contained in human intellectuality.

scholarly journals Impact of Courageous Followership towards Promoting Exemplary Leadership

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-113
Author(s):  
Dr. Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman ◽  
Dr. Waseem Ishaque ◽  
Rimsha Zafar
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Leadership Practices ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Exemplary Leadership ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Courageous Followership

The current study focuses not only on developing leadership but also emphasizes the crucial role of employing the concept of followership effectively. The reason for this is that the leadership concept in the organization may not be effective without followership. Therefore, to obtain exemplary leadership, followership has to be inculcated, and that of courage embedded in it. The current study applied to reverse the lens approach in leadership and hypothesized the relation between courageous followership and exemplary leadership. The sample size of 255 was used for this research, chosen by employing convenience-sampling techniques due to Covid-19 conditions and restrictions. The data were screened and then using SPSS did analysis.  The results show that courageous followership had an impact on exemplary leadership, meaning that courageous followers would promote exemplary leadership practices in the organizations, which can be very useful for organizations to understand and promote.

scholarly journals The Five-Question Method For Framing A Qualitative Research Study

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark McCaslin ◽  
Karen Scott
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Problem Statement ◽  
Qualitative Research Study ◽  
Qualitative Research Design

The Five-Question Method is an approach to framing Qualitative Research, focusing on the methodologies of five of the major traditions in qualitative research: biography, ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and case study. Asking Five Questions, novice researchers select a methodology appropriate to the desired perspective on the selected topic. The Method facilitates identifying and writing a Problem Statement. Through taking a future perspective, the researcher discovers the importance and direction of the study and composes a Purpose Statement. The process develops an overarching research question integrating the purpose and the research problem. The role of the researcher and management of assumptions and biases is discussed. The Five-Question Method simplifies the framing process promoting quality in qualitative research design. A course outline is appended.

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