scholarly journals The chemical composition and technological properties of milk obtained from the morning and evening milking

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 187-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Skýpala ◽  
Gustav Chládek
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Morning Milk

Milk yield varies during lactation, following what is termed a lactation curve. ŽIŽLAVSKÝ and MIKŠÍK (1988) recorded changes in milk yield within a day, too. TEPLÝ et al. (1979) a KOUŘIMSKÁ et al. (2007) published variation within a day ± 1.10 kg in milk yield, ± 0.75 % in milk fat content and ± 0.20 % in milk protein content. Milk yield of cows can be expressed in many different ways, for instance, in kilograms per lactation or in kilograms per day. A practical parameter describing milk production is milk yield (kg) per milking.The object of experiment were 12 cows of Holstein cattle on the first lactation from the 100-day of lactation to 200-day of lactation. The samples of milk were collected from January to May 2007, once a month from the morning and evening milking (milking interval 12 h ± 15 min.). The following parameters were monitored: milk production – milk yield (kg), milk protein production (kg), milk fat production (kg); milk composition – milk protein content (%), milk fat content (%), lactose content (%), milk solids-not-fat content (%), milk total solids content (%); technological properties of milk – ti­tra­tab­le acidity (SH), active acidity (pH), rennet coagulation time (s), quality of curd (class) and somatic cell count as a parameter of udder health.Highly significant differences were found (P < 0.01) between morning milk yield (15.7 kg) and evening milk yield (13.8 kg), between morning milk protein production (0.51 kg) and evening milk protein production (0.45 kg) and between evening milk fat content (4.41 %) and morning milk fat content (3.95 %). A significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between morning milk total solids content (12.62 %) and evening milk total solids content (12.07 %). No significant differences were found between morning (M) and evening (E) values of the remaining parameters: milk fat production (M 0.62 kg; E 0.60 kg), milk protein content (M 3.24 %; E 3.27 %), milk lactose content (M 4.78 %; E 4.86 %), milk solids-not-fat content (M 7.69 %; E 7.71 %), somatic cell count (M 80 000/1 mL; E 101 000/1 mL), titratable aci­di­ty (M 7.75 SH; E 7.64 SH), active acidity (M pH 6.58; E pH 6.61), rennet coagulation time (M 189 s.; E 191 s.), quality of curd (M 1.60 class; E 1.57 class).

scholarly journals The relationship between freezing point of milk and milk components and its changes during lactation in Czech Pied and Holstein cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustav Chládek ◽  
Vladimír Čejna
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
The Relationship

The freezing point of milk (FPM) is an instant indicator of violated technological quality of raw milk, especially of dilution. FPM can also vary due to numerous effects associated with changes in milk composition and milk characteristics. Beside the effect of season, phase of lactation, breed, milk yield, sub-clinical mastitis etc. the impacts of nutrition and dietary or metabolic disorders are the most significant and the most frequent (GAJDŮŠEK, 2003). FPM is a relatively stable physical characteristic and due to osmotically active elements it ranges from – 0.510 to – 0.535 °C (HANUŠ et al., 2003b). Recently ŠUSTOVÁ (2001) studied the freezing point of milk in pool samples; she observed seasonal changes in FPM of mixed milk and the effect of different diets on FPM values. KOLOŠTA (2003) looked into the effect of grazing season on FPM. HANUŠ et al. (2003a) analysed possible effects of handling of milk components on FPM.The aim of this work was to describe the relationship between FPM and milk components and the impact of breed, number and phase of lactation on FPM. We analysed 328 milk samples in total, out of which 137 samples were of Czech Pied cows and 191 samples of Holstein cows. The effect of number and phase of lactation was evaluated for both breeds together. The greatest coefficients of correlation in total were found between FPM and lactose content (r = 0.600) and solids non fat (r = 0.523). Lower coefficients of correlation were found between FPM and milk fat content (r = 0.235), milk protein content (r = 0.260) and urea concentration (r = 0.256). These coefficients were considerably lower in Holstein cows than in Czech Pied cows. The coefficients of correlation between FPM and number and phase of lactation and somatic cells count were insignificant. The total mean value of FPM was – 0.534 °C. Breed statistically significantly (P<0.01) affected FPM (+0.006 °C in C breed) and milk fat content (+0.19 % in H breed). Breed highly significantly (P<0.001) affected daily milk yield (+4.9 kg milk in H), milk protein content (+0.27 % in C) and solids non fat (+0.37 % in C). On the contrary, breed had no significant effect on lactose content, urea concentration and somatic cells count.Variability of FPM was greater in Czech Pied cows (5.9 %) than in Holstein cows (0.9 %). Number of lactation had no significant effect on FPM (maximum difference between lactations was 0.008 °C). Phase of lactation had no significant effect on FPM either. Our study revealed the fact that FPM was most of all affected by lactose content and solids non fat. However, the decrease of lactose content was compensated by a tendency of mammary glad to keep constant osmotic pressure. As the somatic sells count was low, there was no decline in lactose content during later lactations so no significant decrease of FPM occurred.

The relationship between milk progesterone and milk traits during estrus in dairy Cows

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Gavelis ◽  
V. Þilaitis ◽  
A Juozaitis ◽  
V. Juozaitienë ◽  
G. Urbonavièius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to evaluate relationship between milk progesterone concentration (P4) and milk traits at the start of estrus time and 12h after start of the estrus in dairy cows. The 96 milk samples of 48 Lithuanian dairy cows without reproduction disorders and 90–100 days after calving were evaluated. Cows were classified into two groups based on milk yield per day: less than 30 kg (n=20) and e”30 kg (n=28). Data were categorized by milk fat and protein content at the start estrus and 12h after start of estrus to evaluate relationship between P4 and milk traits examined. P4 at estrus time in dairy cows was significantly positively correlated with milk yield (P less than 0.001), whereas it was negatively correlated with milk protein (P less than 0.05-P less than 0.01) and fat at 12h after start of estrus. Dairy cows with F/P from 1.0 to 1.5 had the lowest P4 in milk. Results of the pregnancy in dairy cows were related with lower P4 and milk yield level (P less than 0.001), higher milk fat (P less than 0.05) and milk protein content (P less than 0.001). These cows had 1.90 times lower prevalence of the signs of subclinical ketosis (P less than 0.05) at estrus time when compared with non-pregnant cows. As a result, it was clearly demonstrated that P4 in dairy cows can help to evaluate and improve the reproductive properties of cows.

The effect of distillery by-products and molassed sugar beet feed on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows fed a maize silage based total mixed ration

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 201-201
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
A. K. Jones ◽  
J.G. Perrot
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Milk Protein Content

An earlier study conducted at the Centre for Dairy Research (Phipps et al. 1996) using a total mixed ration (TMR) based on maize silage, showed that when distillers grains wheat and molassed sugar beet feed (MSBF) replaced cereal and protein supplements, milk yield and dry matter (DM) intake were maintained but there was a large and significant reduction in milk fat and a small but significant reduction in milk protein. This depression in milk protein was attributed to the high oil content of distillers grains, which would have reduced fermentable metabolisable energy intake which in turn may have adversely affected microbial protein synthesis and reduced milk protein content. The aim of the current study was to devise a nutritional regime using distillers grains maize (DGM) and MSBF in a TMR which would allow milk fat content to be substantially reduced without compromising either DM intake, milk yield or milk protein content.

scholarly journals EFICÁCIA DA ESPECTROSCOPIA POR ULTRASSOM E DO CONGELAMENTO NA AVALIAÇÃO DA COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICA DO LEITE

Nativa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Maura Frare Menegon ◽  
Claudineli Cassia Bueno da Rosa ◽  
Carmen Wobeto ◽  
Marcia Rodrigues Carvalho Oliveira ◽  
Henrique Melo da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Ultrasonic Spectroscopy ◽  
Milk Protein Content

Objetivou-se avaliar o método de espectroscopia por ultrassom (EU) e o efeito do congelamento do leite nas análises de gordura e proteína do leite de vaca. Cem amostras foram analisadas imediatamente após a coleta em tanque de expansão (in natura), congeladas a -20ºC por 30 dias e novamente analisadas por métodos oficiais (gordura por butirômetro de Gerber e proteína por micro-Kjeldahl) e por EU. Observou-se efeito de interação (P < 0,01) entre o método analítico e congelamento do leite. A EU superestimou (P < 0,01) o teor de gordura e subestimou (P < 0,01) o teor de proteína no leite in natura ou congelado. O congelamento não afetou (P = 0,15) o teor de gordura obtido pelo método oficial, mas reduziu o teor de gordura (P < 0,01) obtido com a EU. O congelamento aumentou (P < 0,01) o teor de proteína obtido pelo método oficial, mas reduziu (P < 0,01) quando obtido por EU. Os teores de gordura e proteína do leite obtidos pelo método de EU são divergentes daqueles obtidos por métodos oficiais, independente da amostra ser in natura ou congelada.Palavras-chave: método analítico; análise química; correlação. EFFICACY OF ULTRASONIC SPECTROSCOPY AND FREEZING IN EVALUATION OF MILK CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ABSTRACT: The objective was to evaluate the ultrasound spectroscopy (US) method and the effect of milk freezing on the cow's milk fat and protein analysis. One hundred samples were collected from one milk tank, immediately analyzed, and frozen at -20ºC for 30 days and analyzed again by official method (fat: Gerber butyrometer, protein: micro-Kjeldahl) and US. It was observed effect of interaction (P < 0.01) between analytical method and milk freezing. Ultrasound spectroscopy overestimated milk fat content and underestimated milk protein content on in natura or frozen. The milk freezing for 30 days did not affect the milk fat content obtained by official method (P = 0.15), but it reduced the milk fat content (P < 0.01) obtained by US. The milk freezing increased (P < 0.01) the milk protein content obtained by official method, but reduced (P <0.01) when obtained from US. The milk fat and protein content obtained by US are different from those obtained by official methods, regardless of the sample is in natura or frozen.Keywords: analytical method; chemical analysis; correlation.

The effect of distillery by-products and molassed sugar beet feed on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows fed a maize silage based total mixed ration

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 201-201
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
A. K. Jones ◽  
J.G. Perrot
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Milk Protein Content

An earlier study conducted at the Centre for Dairy Research (Phipps et al. 1996) using a total mixed ration (TMR) based on maize silage, showed that when distillers grains wheat and molassed sugar beet feed (MSBF) replaced cereal and protein supplements, milk yield and dry matter (DM) intake were maintained but there was a large and significant reduction in milk fat and a small but significant reduction in milk protein. This depression in milk protein was attributed to the high oil content of distillers grains, which would have reduced fermentable metabolisable energy intake which in turn may have adversely affected microbial protein synthesis and reduced milk protein content. The aim of the current study was to devise a nutritional regime using distillers grains maize (DGM) and MSBF in a TMR which would allow milk fat content to be substantially reduced without compromising either DM intake, milk yield or milk protein content.

Dairy productivity of zaanen type goats hybrids from crossing with the nubian breed bucks

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
М.Ю. САННИКОВ ◽  
С.И. НОВОПАШИНА ◽  
С.А. ХАТАТАЕВ ◽  
Е.И. КИЗИЛОВА
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Commercial Farming ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics ◽  
Daily Milk

Изучена молочная продуктивность потомства I, II и III поколений при скрещивании молочных коз в типе зааненской породы с козлами нубийской породы. Установлено, что самый высокий удой за лактацию (576,5±11,62) был у чистопородных зааненских коз (n=72) — на 10,8—25,3% (P≦0,05) больше, чем у помесных животных за счет более длительной лактации (на 13,0%). Среднесуточный удой за лактацию был на 2,1% выше у помесей I поколения (n=26), чем у зааненских, на 4,9% — чем у помесей II (n=24) и на 13,5% — чем у помесей III поколений (n=21) (P≦0,05). Козоматки III поколения по содержанию жира превосходили сверстниц на 0,14—0,50 абс. процента, а белка — на 0,18—0,37 абс. процента. Среднесуточное количество молочного жира было выше у помесей I поколения на 0,9—7,3%, молочного белка — на 1,5—5,1%. За счет более продолжительного периода лактации козоматки зааненской породы превосходили своих помесных сверстниц по количеству молочного жира на 5,3—11,8% (1,2—2,5 кг) и по количеству молочного белка — на 7,7—11,3% (1,2—1,7 кг). Таким образом, поглотительное скрещивание является эффективным приемом для получения чистопородных животных нубийской породы. И может быть использовано в качестве селекционного приема в товарных хозяйствах для повышения качественных показателей молока коз в типе зааненской породы. Milk productivity of the offspring of generations I, II, and III during milk goat breeding in the type of the Saanen breed with goats of the Nubian breed was studied. It was found that the highest milk yield per lactation (576.5±11.62) was demonstrated by purebred Saanen goats (n=72) — by 10.8—25.3% (P≦0.05) more than in crossbred animals due to prolonged lactation (by 13.0%). Average daily milk yield per lactation was 2.1% higher in crossbred animals of generation I (n=26) compared to the Saanen breed, 4.9% higher than in crossbred animals of generation II (n=24), and 13.5% higher than in crossbred animals of generation III (n-21) (P≦0.05). By fat content the breeding goats of generation III are superior to their age-mates by 0.14—0.50 absolute percent, and by protein — by 0.18—0.37 absolute percent. Average daily milk fat content was 0.9—7.3% higher in crossbred animals of generation I; average daily milk protein content was 1.5—5.1% higher. Due to prolonged lactation breeding goats of the Saanen breed were superior to their crossbred age-mates in milk fat quantity by 5.3—11.8% (1.2—2.5 kg), and in milk protein quantity — by 7.7—11.3% (1.2—1.7 kg). Accordingly, accumulation cross breeding is an effective method of obtaining purebred animals of the Nubian breed. It can be used as a selection technique in commercial farming to increase qualitative characteristics of goat milk in the type of the Saanen breed.

The effect of suckling following mechanical milking on milk yield, milk composition and somatic cell count in dairy cattle

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 175-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.K. Margerison ◽  
C.J.C. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Daily Milk Yield

AbstractSuckling following mechanical milking is common practice in organic dairy production systems and in developing countries. The objective of the experimental work was to assess the effect of suckling and suckling frequency following mechanical milking on milk yield, milk composition and somatic cell count. Two experiments were completed using multiparous dairy cows allocated at 3 days post partum to their respective treatment groups. In experiment one, twenty–four multiparous dairy cows were allocated to one of two treatments for 305 days; 12 cows not suckled (NS) and 12 cows, which were suckled twice daily following mechanical milking (S2). Daily milk yield was significantly greater (P<0.05) in suckled cows, NS 8.0, S2 8.9 (sem 0.18) kg/d. Milk fat content was significantly lower (P<0.05) in suckled cows (NS 32.0, S2 30.7 (sem 0.56) g/kg). However, milk protein was not significantly different in suckled cows, NS 29.2, S2 27.6 (sem 10.79) g/kg compared with non suckled cows. Somatic cell count was significantly lower (P<0.05) in suckled cows NS 106, S2 85 (sem 2.85) 000/ml, compared with non suckled cows. In experiment two, thirty-eight cows were allocated one of two treatments for 120 days; 19 cows not suckled (NS) and 19 cows, which were suckled once daily following the afternoon milking (S1). Suckling took place for fifteen minutes daily following machine milking only. The calves were weaned at 6 months of age. Total daily milk yield was significantly greater (P<0.05) in suckled cows, NS 11.7, S1 12.5 (sem 0.04) (kg/d) compared with non suckled cows. The milk fat and protein content were not significantly different in suckled and non suckled cows. Milk fat content NS 33.4, S1 32.9 (sem 0.14) g/kg and milk protein content NS 29.8, S1 30.0 (sem 0.07) g/kg. In conclusion, suckled cows had significantly higher milk yields. Cows suckled twice daily had significantly lower milk fat content. Suckling did not affect milk protein content. Suckling cows twice daily significantly reduced SCC.

Effects of calcium soaps of rapeseed fatty acids and protected methionine on milk yield and composition in dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZYGMUNT M. KOWALSKI ◽  
PAWEŁ M. PISULEWSKI ◽  
MAURO SPANGHERO
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Milk Protein Content

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing the diets of dairy cows with Ca soaps of rapeseed fatty acids (CSRFA) and rumen-protected (RP) methionine on their milk yield and composition, including milk protein fractions and fatty acids. Twelve Polish Red Lowland cows were used in a complete balanced two period changeover experiment. The four treatment diets were a control consisting of a total mixed ration of grass silage and concentrates, and the total mixed ration supplemented with RP methionine, CSRFA or RP methionine plus CSRFA. Dry matter intake was not affected by diet. Milk yield increased when cows were given the diet with CSRFA, but supplementation of diets with RP methionine did not affect milk yield. Milk protein content, but not milk protein yield, decreased when CSRFA was given. The addition of RP methionine to the control diet and the CSRFA diet produced similar increases in the milk protein content. Supplementation of the diet with CSRFA significantly changed the milk fatty acid profile: the proportions of 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 15:0 and 16:0 in milk fat decreased, but those of 18:0 and cis-18:1 increased. We conclude that CSRFA can be used in practical dairy diets to increase milk yield and manipulate its fatty acid composition.

scholarly journals Effects of ruminal pH and subacute ruminal acidosis on milk yield and composition of Holstein cows in different stages of lactation

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 1551
Author(s):  
G. C. KITKAS ◽  
G. E. VALERGAKIS ◽  
M. KRITSEPI-KONSTANTINOU ◽  
A. I. GELASAKIS ◽  
G. ARSENOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Subacute Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Solids Content

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA; implying a rumen fluid pH between 5.5 and 5.0), is one of the most important metabolic diseases of dairy cows. In this study, the effect of SARA and rumen fluid pH on milk yield and composition was assessed in dairy cows under field conditions, with repeated measurements in the same cows, at different stages of lactation. Rumenocentesis was performed in 83 Holstein cows of a commercial herd at 30, 90, and 150 days in milk (DIM). Rumen fluid pH was measured on-site using a portable pH-meter. Milk yield was also recorded at the same days. Milk samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose and total solids content. For the statistical analysis, mixed linear regression models were used. Prevalence of SARA was 48.2%, 53.8% and 65.3% at 30, 90 and 150 DIM, respectively. There was a significant negative effect of SARA and decreased rumen fluid pH on milk fat content; SARA was associated with a decrease of milk fat content by 0.22%, while a one-unit increase of rumen fluid pH, even within the normal range, was associated with a 0.28% increase of milk fat content and 0.44% increase of milk total solids content. There was no effect of SARA on milk yield or protein, lactose and total solids content. In conclusion, under field conditions, SARA and decreased rumen fluid pH reduce milk fat content.

Additive and dominance effects of the αs1-casein locus on milk yield and composition traits in dairy goats

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicitas Vázquez-Flores ◽  
Hugo H Montaldo ◽  
José A Torres-Vázquez ◽  
Rogelio A Alonso-Morales ◽  
Amanda Gayosso-Vázquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Genetic Effect ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Positive Effect

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the CSN1S1 locus polymorphism on 305-d records of milk, fat, protein, lactose and total solids yields, fat, protein, lactose and total solids contents in Mexican dairy goats. A total of 514 lactation records belonging to Alpine (n=60), Saanen (n=105) and Toggenburg (n=74) goats, born from 2003 to 2006 in three herds were used. Discrimination between alleles E, F, N, A* (CSN1S1 A, G, H, I, O1 and O2) and B* (CSN1S1 B1, B2, B3, B4, C and L) were made by amplification of fragments of the gene CSN1S1 and digestion with the restriction endonuclease XmnI. In order to estimate additive and dominance effects, data sets including (1) all genotypes, and (2) only homozygote genotypes, were analysed using linear mixed models. The allele A*, had significant additive effects for protein content (0·21±0·07%;P=0·002) and total solids content (0·66±0·23%;P=0·005) when compared with allele F. An unfavourable additive effect of allele A* on milk yield was found in the Alpine breed (−81·4±40·2;P=0·046) when compared with allele F. Favourable dominance effects were found for some genotypes (P<0·05) for milk yield (A*N and B*N), fat yield (A*N and B*E), protein yield (A*N and B*E), lactose yield (A*N) and total solids yield (A*N). Also, unfavourable dominance effects were found (P<0·05) for protein content (A*B* and A*N) and total solids content (A*B*, A*N, and A*F). Allele A* was the only one with a positive effect for protein content. Significant allele-year interaction effects were also observed. The presence of significant dominance effects, estimated between specific pairs of alleles, challenged the purely additive nature of the genetic effect at the CSN1S1 locus. Implications from use of CSN1S1 effects in goat breeding programmes are presented.

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