scholarly journals Spatial structure of forest stands Fageta paupera humilia in natural monument Máchova dolina

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-184
Author(s):  
Jiří Schneider ◽  
Kateřina Rebrošová
Keyword(s):  
Dead Wood ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Vegetation Height ◽  
Beech Stand ◽  
Natural Monument

Natural Monument “Máchova dolina” represents a unique sample of dwarfed acidic beech forests in Chřiby hills (Buček, Lacina; 2002). It comprises more than 180 years old beech stand time, where according to certain characters (the basal part of deformation strain, frequent occurrence of damage) we can infer that, with the vegetation stool origin. As a result of adverse site conditions and the in­fluen­ce of origin to the emergence of the crop trees have a shape looks like an apple. Forest biocoenoses “Máchova dolina” is bounded to the board and limited site conditions ecosystem surface is less than 0.5 ha. As part of this unique site was established a permanent research area rectangle of dimensions 50 × 100 meters and by the Field-Map technology has been carried out measurements dendrometric variables (see below). The aim of the research was to compare different spatial structures (a total of 4 plots) in beech forest stands in Chřiby hills and knowledge of the functional effects of structurally variant types of forest.The measurement was based on „The methodology of research dynamics of natural forests left spontaneous development“ (Vrška et al., 2006). When measurements are distinguished tree concepts and strain. The tree indicates the individual, which consists of one or more strains. Focus and describe all strains with DBH of at least 10 cm with bark. For each strain is aimed its location, DBH, height, high-pitched crown, crown projection, set the species of trees and nature of health. In addition to living trees and stumps are aimed „dead wood“, stumping for distinguishing their origin, whether it arose naturally (break) or artificially (harvesting), all aimed „dead wood“ must originate in the area.The permanent research “Máchova dolina” area the size of 0.5 hectares has been targeted 146 trees. Diameter breast height (DBH) ranging from 10–72 cm; most tribes are represented with DBH between 30–39 cm. Most site conditions reflects vegetation height. Height of trees ranged from 2.5 m to 31.5 m, most often in the range of 15–20 m. For comparison, can be as old stands in a nature reserve on a set of “Holý kopec” forest types 3B, where the average height of vegetation around 38 m (max. 45 m). Surface projections are mostly CZK range of 30–50 m2. Although the vegetation time and even get involved exposure provides sufficient sunshine is no natural vegetation regeneration.The aim of this article is description of spatial stand structure in natural monument Máchova dolina in Chřiby hills.

Langfristige Entwicklung von zwei Waldgesellschaften im Białowieża-Urwald

2008 ◽  
Vol 159 (4) ◽  
pp. 80-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Brzeziecki ◽  
Feliks Eugeniusz Bernadzki
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Forest Communities ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Strong Trend ◽  
Long Term Study

The results of a long-term study on the natural forest dynamics of two forest communities on one sample plot within the Białowieża National Park in Poland are presented. The two investigated forest communities consist of the Pino-Quercetum and the Tilio-Carpinetum type with the major tree species Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Betula sp., Quercus robur, Tilia cordata and Carpinus betulus. The results reveal strong temporal dynamics of both forest communities since 1936 in terms of tree species composition and of general stand structure. The four major tree species Scots pine, birch, English oak and Norway spruce, which were dominant until 1936, have gradually been replaced by lime and hornbeam. At the same time, the analysis of structural parameters indicates a strong trend towards a homogenization of the vertical stand structure. Possible causes for these dynamics may be changes in sylviculture, climate change and atmospheric deposition. Based on the altered tree species composition it can be concluded that a simple ≪copying≫ (mimicking) of the processes taking place in natural forests may not guarantee the conservation of the multifunctional character of the respective forests.

Tekstura drzewostanów naturalnych w polskich parkach narodowych na tle teorii dynamiki lasu

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leszek Bartkowicz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Gap Dynamics ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Mosaic Pattern ◽  
Spruce Forests ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Patch Mosaic

The aim of the study was to compare a patch-mosaic pattern in the old-growth forest stands developed in various climate and soil conditions occurring in different regions of Poland. Based on the assumption, that the patch-mosaic pattern in the forest reflect the dynamic processes taking place in it, and that each type of forest ecosystem is characterized by a specific regime of natural disturbances, the following hypotheses were formulated: (i) the patches with a complex structure in stands composed of latesuccessional, shade-tolerant tree species are more common than those composed of early-successional, light-demanding ones, (ii) the patch-mosaic pattern is more heterogeneous in optimal forest site conditions than in extreme ones, (iii) in similar site conditions differentiation of the stand structure in distinguished patches is determined by the successional status of the tree species forming a given patch, (iv) the successional trends leading to changes of species composition foster diversification of the patch structure, (v) differentiation of the stand structure is negatively related to their local basal area, especially in patches with a high level of its accumulation. Among the best-preserved old-growth forest remaining under strict protection in the Polish national parks, nineteen research plots of around 10 ha each were selected. In each plot, a grid (50 × 50 m) of circular sample subplots (with radius 12,62 m) was established. In the sample subplots, species and diameter at breast height of living trees (dbh ≥ 7 cm) were determined. Subsequently, for each sample subplot, several numerical indices were calculated: local basal area (G), dbh structure differentiation index (STR), climax index (CL) and successional index (MS). Statistical tests of Kruskal- Wallis, Levene and Generalized Additive Models (GAM) were used to verify the hypotheses. All examined forests were characterized by a large diversity of stand structure. A particularly high frequency of highly differentiated patches (STR > 0,6) was recorded in the alder swamp forest. The patch mosaic in the examined plots was different – apart from the stands with a strongly pronounced mosaic character (especially subalpine spruce forests), there were also stands with high spatial homogeneity (mainly fir forests). The stand structure in the distinguished patches was generally poorly related to the other studied features. Consequently, all hypotheses were rejected. These results indicate a very complex, mixed pattern of forest natural dynamics regardless of site conditions. In beech forests and lowland multi-species deciduous forests, small-scale disturbances of the gap dynamics type dominate, which are overlapped with less frequent medium-scale disturbances. In more difficult site conditions, large-scale catastrophic disturbances, which occasionally appear in communities formed under the influence of gap dynamics (mainly spruce forests) or cohort dynamics (mainly pine forests), gain importance.

scholarly journals Resources of dead wood in the municipal forests in Warsaw

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konrad Skwarek ◽  
Szymon Bijak
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Dead wood plays an important role for the biodiversity of forest ecosystems and influences their proper development. This study assessed the amount of coarse woody debris in municipal forests in Warsaw (central Poland). Based on the forest site type, dominant tree species and age class, we stratified all complexes of the Warsaw urban forests in order to allocate 55 sample plots. For these plots, we determined the volume of dead wood including standing dead trees, coarse woody debris and broken branches as well as uprooted trees. We calculated the amount of dead wood in the distinguished site-species-age layers and for individual complexes. The volume of dead matter in municipal forests in Warsaw amounted to 38,761 m3, i.e. 13.7 m3/ha. The obtained results correspond to the current regulations concerning the amount of dead organic matter to be left in forests. Only in the Las Bielański complex (northern Warsaw) volume of dead wood is comparable to the level observed in Polish national parks or nature reserves, which is still far lower than the values found for natural forests. In general, municipal forests in Warsaw stand out positively in terms of dead wood quantity and a high degree of variation in the forms and dimensions of dead wood.

scholarly journals Stand structure and species composition of merbau in logged-over forest in Papua, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-171
Author(s):  
PRIJANTO PAMOENGKAS ◽  
ISKANDAR Z. SIREGAR ◽  
AJI NURALAM DWISUTONO
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Selective Logging ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Selective Cutting ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Reference Plot

Pamoengkas P, Siregar IZ, Dwisutono AN. 2018. Stand structure and species composition of merbau in logged-over forest in Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 163-171. Single selective cutting is the most common form of timber extraction in natural forest in the tropics. Although, vast tracts natural forests are already logged-over, the effect of logging on the structure and species composition has been sparsely documented, especially for merbau (Intsia bijuga). Merbau is an excellent timber species and intensively harvested in Papua. The objective of this study was to analyze the structure and species composition of merbau in the several logged-over forests at different ages, i.e., 1, 5, 11, 16, 21 years old after selective logging and primary forest as the reference plot. The study was conducted in February 2016 at Sarmi District, Papua. The distributions of merbau in each plot varies but when they were compared with that in the primary forest that had reached 9.81%. Thus, the decrease of merbau trees in the plots of logged forest areas was not significant. Index of Diversity of all growth stages was high. In general, the number of merbau seedling regeneration in the study plots are above the average value standardized in Selective Cutting and Replanting System (TPTI) regulation. With regard to the condition of sapling regeneration, we concluded that selective logging might not provide enough growing space for regeneration of merbau. Providing appropriate growing space is one of the key factors to achieve adequate merbau natural regeneration.

scholarly journals Hydrological effects of Norway spruce and European beech on snow cover in a mid-mountain region of the Polana mts., Slovakia / Hydrologický vplyv smreka obyčajného a buka lesného na snehovú pokrývku v stredohorských polohách pohoria poľana na slovensku

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matus Hribik ◽  
Tomas Vida ◽  
Jaroslav Skvarenina ◽  
Jana Skvareninova ◽  
Lubomir Ivan
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Mountain Region ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Snow Melting ◽  
Beech Stand

The paper evaluates the results of a 6-year-monitoring of the eco-hydrological influence of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and European beech (Fagus silvatica L.) forest stands on the hydro-physical properties of snow cover. The experiment was carried out in the artificially regenerated 20-25-year-old forest stands approaching the pole timber stage in the middle mountain region of the Polana Mts. - Biosphere reserve situated at about 600 m a.s.l. during the period of maximum snow supply in winters of years 2004 - -2009. Forest canopy plays a decisive role at both the snow cover duration and spring snow melting and runoff generation. A spruce stand is the poorest of snow at the beginning of winter. High interception of spruce canopy hampers the throughfall of snow to soil. During the same period, the soil surface of a beech stand accumulates greater amount of snow. However, a spruce stand accumulates snow by creating snow heaps during the periods of maximum snow cumulation and stand´s microclimate slows down snow melting. These processes are in detail discussed in the paper. The forest stands of the whole biosphere reserve slow down to a significant extent both the snow cover melting and the spring runoff of the whole watershed.

scholarly journals Production potential and ecological stability of mixed forest stands in uplands – V. A mixed spruce/beech stand on a nutrient-rich site of the Křtiny Training Forest Enterprise

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 502-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kantor ◽  
V. Hurt
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Ecological Stability ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Beech Stand ◽  
The Given ◽  
Young Growth

The study is already the 5<sup>th </sup>account on the production potential and stability of mixed forest stands in uplands. A spruce/beech stand established in the mid-30s of the 20<sup>th</sup>century is assessed. The stand is situated at an altitude of 470 m and since 1960, it is left to its spontaneous development. At that time, the stand was characterized as a silviculturally neglected dense spruce young growth to a small pole-stage stand with an admixture of beech (spruce 71%, beech 13%). In the course of 41 years, spruce proportion in the stand without intentional thinning measures decreased from 71 to 56% and, vice versa, beech proportion increased from 13 to 31%. Present dominant and co-dominant position of spruce in the stand, its health condition and development in recent years indicate that the ecosystem under evaluation is stabilized fulfilling all functions on the given site at an age of 65 years. The stand is permanently fully stocked and its initial standing volume of 109 m<sup>3</sup>/ha at an age of 24 years in 1960 increased to 560 m<sup>3</sup>/ha at an age of 65 years in 2001.

scholarly journals Amounts of throughfall and lysimetric water in a sub-mountain beech forest in the Kremnické vrchy Mts. (West Carpathian Mts., Slovakia)

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 207-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Janík ◽  
J. Pichler
Keyword(s):  
Beech Forest ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
The West ◽  
Lysimetric Water ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Beech Stand ◽  
Soil Percolation ◽  
Soil Lysimeters

The paper deals with throughfall and soil percolation in a sub-mountain beech forest situated at the Ecological Experimental Site (EES) Kremnické vrchy Mts. (the West Carpathian Mts., Slovakia). The research was conducted in 1988–2008. The throughfall was sampled at regular periods, both from the open plot (clear-cut) and from the plot with complete stocking, covered with a mature beech stand. The soil percolation was evaluated with soil lysimeters. In 1989 and 2004, the plots were treated with cutting – with the aim to reduce the current stocking. The average amount of throughfall was 772.2 mm in the open plot and 616.3 mm in the control. The amount of soil percolation decreased with increasing depth: from 398.9 mm to 103.8 mm in the control and from 488.8 mm (surface) through 169.9 mm (10 cm) to 188.8 mm (25 cm) in the open plot. The differences between the plots were statistically highly significant. No significant differences were found between the soil horizons.

Spruce monoculture establishment affects functional traits of soil microarthropod communities

Biologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitka Farská ◽  
Kristýna Prejzková ◽  
Josef Rusek
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Trophic Structure ◽  
Soil Fauna ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Beech Stand ◽  
Response To Environmental Change ◽  
Soil Microarthropod ◽  
South Bohemia

AbstractStructure and density of soil microarthropod communities (Oribatida and Collembola) were studied in one natural beech forest and one spruce monoculture planted on a former beech stand in South Bohemia (Czech Republic). The spruce monoculture establishment increased microarthropod densities (93,000 ind. m−2 in the natural beech forest vs. 400,540 ind. m−2 in the spruce monoculture for Oribatida; 66,360 ind. m−2 in the natural beech forest vs. 136,360 ind. m−2 in the spruce monoculture for Collembola); additionally, it changed greatly the community structure in terms of species composition and functional traits. In the spruce monoculture, groups susceptible to disturbance were suppressed. The oribatid trophic structure changed as well with opportunistic herbifungivorous species increasing in the monoculture at the expense of fungivorous species. Similarly, hemiedaphic collembolans increased in the monoculture at the expense of euedaphic species. We conclude that the “functional approach” seems to be fruitful in revealing soil fauna response to environmental change.

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