Fundamental Prediction of Steel Weld Metal Properties

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-333
Author(s):  
S. Ibarra ◽  
D. L. Olson ◽  
S. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Weld Metal ◽  
Heat Input ◽  
Plate Thickness ◽  
Carbon Equivalent ◽  
Steel Weld Metal ◽  
Functional Forms ◽  
Metal Properties ◽  
Welding Consumables ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Selection Of

Empirically derived expressions are commonly used to predict specific steel weldment properties. These expressions usually consider only constitutional considerations and are limited to their ability to predict the influence of the thermal experience (heat input, weld preparation, and plate thickness). Carbon equivalent and basicity index are examples of such predictive expressions. This paper reviews some of the existing expressional forms and introduces new functional forms that are based on metallurgical engineering concepts. Forms for equations which can predict weld metal properties and behavior as a function of composition are proposed. Methodology for including cooling rate in the predictive equations is also suggested. The concept of developing iso-property diagrams that allow better selection of welding consumables with variations in heat input is introduced and discussed.

Functional forms of Equations to Predict Steel Weld Metal Properties

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
S. Ibarra ◽  
D. L. Olson ◽  
S. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Weld Metal ◽  
Steel Weld ◽  
Steel Weld Metal ◽  
Functional Forms ◽  
Metal Properties

A New Method for Reducing Diffusible Hydrogen in Weld Metal

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Fiore ◽  
Steve Barhorst ◽  
Mario Amata ◽  
Joe Bundy
Keyword(s):  
Weld Metal ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Shielding Gas ◽  
Feeding Problems ◽  
Diffusible Hydrogen ◽  
Flux Cored Arc Welding ◽  
Hydrogen Assisted Cracking ◽  
Wire Feeding ◽  
Metal Properties ◽  
Welding Consumables

The effect of hydrogen on weld metal and weld heat-affected zones (HAZ) has been well established over many years. The potential for hydrogen-assisted cracking increases as the strength of the steel increases. High fuel costs have driven the need for lower weights in the transportation and shipbuilding industries, and increased regulations have driven the need for higher safety factors in the pipeline industry. As a result, many industries are requiring higher and higher base metal strengths. The push for higher strength steels has resulted in an increased demand for ultra-low hydrogen welding consumables and processes. Manufacturers of flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) electrodes have generally attacked the problem of weld metal hydrogen through the use of raw materials that react with hydrogen to take it out of solution, by baking the wires in-process, and by using special drawing techniques and lubricants to minimize hydrogen pick-up. Unfortunately, many of the potential solutions result in electrodes that have poor operability, wire feeding problems, and/or increased welding fume. Hobart Brothers has recently developed a method of producing very low-hydrogen weld deposits, which utilizes fluorine-containing gas compounds in the weld shielding gas. The modified shielding gas has no effect on the weld metal properties or the operation of the welding electrodes. This paper provides details of the method, along with test results that have been achieved using a number of flux- and metal-cored electrodes representing a variety of American Welding Society (AWS) classifications.

scholarly journals Engineered Weld Design: Are Composite Welds Likely in the Future?

2008 ◽  
Vol 580-582 ◽  
pp. 307-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.L. Olson ◽  
Young Do Park ◽  
S. Liu ◽  
J.E. Jackson ◽  
A.N. Lasseigne-Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weld Metal ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Metal Solidification ◽  
High Toughness ◽  
Low Temperature Creep ◽  
Metal Properties ◽  
Welding Consumables

Utilizing alternating welding process parameters, deposition practices, and welding consumables, particularly during multiple pass welding, it is possible to improve a variety of weld metal properties. There are available a number of phenomena occurring during welding that allow weld metal designers the ability to generate macro- and micro-structural features amenable to implementation of composite theory. These phenomena include solidification microsegregation during dendrite growth, gas-metal reactions between the selected alternating shielding gas composition and weld pool, and solidification microstructural orientation during welding. Additional methods of producing composite welds including specially designed weld compositions, weld metal solidification modification by arc pulsing, and dual wire deposition may be utilized to achieve single pass and multipass composite weld metal deposition. Composite welds are a potential method to solve challenging demands such as high-toughness at low temperature, creep strength at high temperature, and customized design for corrosion, wear, or cracking resistance.

THE CHANGE IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND TOUGHNESS OF API 5L-X70 WELDS BY ADDITION OF TITANIUM

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (06n07) ◽  
pp. 1209-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
BEHROOZ BEIDOKHTI ◽  
AMIR HOSEIN KOUKABI ◽  
ABOLGHASEM DOLATI ◽  
PENG HE
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Weld Metal ◽  
Acicular Ferrite ◽  
Titanium Content ◽  
Weld Deposit ◽  
Steel Weld Metal ◽  
Metal Properties ◽  
Api 5L X70 Steel ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Grain Boundary Ferrite

The objective of this work was to study the influence of titanium variations on the API 5L-X70 steel weld metal properties. The relationship between microstructure and toughness of the weld deposit was studied by means of full metallographic, longitudinal tensile and Charpy- V notch tests on the specimens cut transversely to the weld beads. The best combination of microstructure and impact properties was obtained in the range of 0.02-0.05% titanium. By further increasing of titanium content, the microstructure was changed from a mixture of acicular ferrite, grain-boundary ferrite, Widmanstätten ferrite to a mixture of acicular ferrite, grain-boundary ferrite, bainite and ferrite with M/A microconstituent. Therefore, the mode of fracture also changed from dimpled ductile to quasi-cleavage. Titanium-base inclusions improve impact toughness by increasing the formation of acicular ferrite in the microstructure. The amount of manganese in inclusions was decreased with addition of titanium to the weld metal.

Microstructure and Toughness of 1000 MPa High Strength Weld Metal

2010 ◽  
Vol 638-642 ◽  
pp. 3441-3446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Sheng Du ◽  
Yun Peng ◽  
Hong Jun Xiao ◽  
Chang Hong He ◽  
Zhi Ling Tian
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Weld Metal ◽  
Heat Input ◽  
Welded Joint ◽  
Lath Martensite ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Carbon Equivalent

Welding of 1000 MPa high strength alloy steel is difficult because of its welding cold cracking sensitivity and the difficulty in maintaining high joint toughness. In this paper the effects of alloy elements on welding cracking tendency are analyzed, and measures to prevent cold crack are proposed. Welding wires with high strength was deposited into weld metal and welded into joint. Tensile test, micro-hardness test and Charpy impact test were used to evaluate the strength and toughness of weld metal and heat affected zone. Optical microscope, transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to analyze the microstructure. It is shown that the weld metal mainly consists of lath martensite, lath bainite, and residual austenite which exists between the laths. The strength of weld metal increases in a small degree with increasing carbon equivalent and its toughness and ductility are not related to carbon equivalent. The toughness and ductility are much sensitive to nonmetallic inclusions. The welded joint has tensile strength of higher than 1000 MPa when welded at heat input of 11 kJ/cm and 15 kJ/cm and the mechanical properties are little influenced by the amount of heat input in this range. The whole welded joint has good comprehensive properties.

Effect of Electrode Coating on Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal Properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 1152 ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Justus Uchenna Anaele ◽  
Chijioke Peter Egole ◽  
Gaius Chukwuka Nzebuka ◽  
Anthony Nnamdi Nnodum
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Weld Metal ◽  
Steel Weld ◽  
Electrode Coating ◽  
Stainless Steel Weld ◽  
Steel Weld Metal ◽  
Stainless Steel Weld Metal ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld ◽  
Metal Properties

The effect of electrode coating on austenitic stainless steel weld metal properties was studied. Manual metal arc welding method was used to produce the joints with the tungsten inert gas welding serving as the control. Metallographic and chemical analyses of the fusion zones of the joints were conducted. Results indicate that the weldment produced from E 308-16/12 lime-titania electrode has a higher ductility and strength of about 36% in terms of percentage elongation and 517 N/mm2respectively, compared to 26% and 18% and 475 N/mm2and 425 N/mm2respectively, obtained from weldments produced from E 308-16/10 rutile and E 308-16/12 rutile electrodes respectively. The presence of lime which is a slag former in E 308-16/12 lime-titania electrode was relevant in slowing down the cooling rate of both the weld pool and the just solidified weld metal resulting in the overall improvement of the resultant weld metal properties. It was found that the values of the strain hardening exponent were 0.379 for E 308-16 gauge 10, rutile electrode, 0.406 for E 308-16 gauge 12 rutile electrode, 0.382 for TIG welding, 0.353 for E 308–16 gauge 12, lime-titania electrode, 0.435 for E 310-16 gauge 10, rutile electrode. E 310 – 16 gauge 10, rutile electrode had the greatest strength and strain hardening coefficients of 1180 N/mm2and 0.435 respectively, and will be more amenable to cold working. Keywords: Austenitic stainless steel, microstructure, electrode coating, welding, joints.

Influence of Heat Input on Mechanical Properties of Multipass Low-Alloy Steel Weld Metal

2008 ◽  
Vol 580-582 ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kook Soo Bang ◽  
Chan Park ◽  
Woong Seong Chang ◽  
Chul Gyu Park ◽  
Woo Hyun Chung
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Impact Toughness ◽  
Weld Metal ◽  
Heat Input ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Welding Parameters ◽  
Cored Wire ◽  
Steel Weld Metal ◽  
Multipass Weld

Influence of heat input on the tensile strength and impact toughness of multipass weld metal made with AWS E81T1-Ni1 metal-cored wire was investigated. Welding parameters such as current, voltage and travel speed were varied independently to get different heat inputs. When it was increased by varying current, tensile strength of the weld metal increased even if more primary ferrite and wider columnar grains were observed. The increase is attributed to the higher recovery ratio of deoxidizing elements such as carbon, manganese and silicon due to the shorter reaction time in both wire tip and arc column. It also showed that impact toughness was influenced by the formation of reheated weld metal by subsequent passes and it decreased continuously with an increase of the amount of coarse grained region in the reheated weld metal.

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