Lubrication With Binary Mixtures: Liquid-Liquid Emulsion in an EHL Conjunction

Oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions are often employed as lubricants. In many applications of emulsion lubricants both the deformation of the bounding solid surfaces and the pressure dependence of the viscosity of the lubricant contribute essentially to performance, thus defining lubrication in the elastohydrodynamic (EHD) mode. In this paper we investigate lubrication with liquid-liquid binary mixtures of two Newtonian fluids in an EHD conjunction, and discuss the effect of varying the parameters of the problem on pressure, film thickness and volume fraction distribution. The basic theory of lubrication with liquid-liquid mixtures is contained in an earlier publication (Al-Sharif et al., 1992), here we use the theory to study an important application.

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Contributions to the knowledge of liquid mixtures—II. Chemical combination in liquid binary mixtures as determined by a study of property-composition curves

Transactions of the Faraday Society ◽

10.1039/tf9120800035 ◽

1912 ◽

Vol 8 (October) ◽

pp. 35-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Robert Beckett Denison

Keyword(s):

Binary Mixtures ◽

Liquid Mixtures ◽

Chemical Combination ◽

Liquid Binary Mixtures

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Using Secondary Electron Contrast for Imaging Water-Oil Emulsions in the Environmental SEM (ESEM)

Microscopy and Microanalysis ◽

10.1017/s1431927600021620 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 4 (S2) ◽

pp. 300-301

Author(s):

D.J. Stokes ◽

B.L. Thiel ◽

A.M. Donald

Keyword(s):

Secondary Electron ◽

Secondary Electron Emission ◽

Liquid Mixtures ◽

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon ◽

Natural State ◽

Binary Liquid ◽

Oil In Water ◽

Oil Emulsions ◽

Environmental Sem ◽

Good Contrast

The ESEM is able to image liquids in their natural state, unlike conventional SEM, and offers significantly better resolution than optical microscopy. The ability to image binary liquid mixtures, such as water-oil emulsions, depends upon sufficient contrast for differentiation of the dispersed and continuous phases. We have made observations of such water-oil emulsions in an Electroscan 2010 Environmental SEM, and have duly obtained images with good contrast. Experiments were carried out on emulsions of vegetable oil-in-water, polybutene-in-water and water-in-polybutene, all emulsified with nonionic polysaccharide surfactants. Each sample was imaged at a temperature of approximately 3°C, in water vapour at a pressure of 4 torr, in order to maintain the liquid state.From the ESEM micrographs in Figures 1, 2 and 3, it is clear that water exhibits a greater secondary electron emission than an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

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Visual Appearance of Oil on the Sea

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering ◽

10.3390/jmse9010097 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 97

Author(s):

Merv Fingas

Keyword(s):

Water Surface ◽

Oil Spills ◽

Discharge Rate ◽

Physical Explanation ◽

Visual Appearance ◽

Oil In Water ◽

Other Information ◽

Surface Discharges ◽

Oil Emulsions ◽

Spilled Oil

The visual appearance of oil spills at sea is often used as an indicator of spilled oil properties, state and slick thickness. These appearances and the oil properties that are associated with them are reviewed in this paper. The appearance of oil spills is an estimator of thickness of thin oil slicks, thinner than a rainbow sheen (<3 µm). Rainbow sheens have a strong physical explanation. Thicker oil slicks (e.g., >3 µm) are not correlated with a given oil appearance. At one time, the appearance of surface discharges from ships was thought to be correlated with discharge rate and vessel speed; however, this approach is now known to be incorrect. Oil on the sea can sometimes form water-in-oil emulsions, dependent on the properties of the oil, and these are often reddish in color. These can be detected visually, providing useful information on the state of the oil. Oil-in-water emulsions can be seen as a coffee-colored cloud below the water surface. Other information gleaned from the oil appearance includes coverage and distribution on the surface.

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Interfacial properties and stability of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with binary mixtures of surfactants

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science ◽

10.1016/0021-9797(90)90002-6 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 135 (2) ◽

pp. 313-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

George Stalidis ◽

Antonis Avranas ◽

Dimitrios Jannakoudakis

Keyword(s):

Binary Mixtures ◽

Interfacial Properties ◽

Oil In Water ◽

Mixtures Of Surfactants

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Modeling Recrystallization for 3D Multi-Pass Forming Processes

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.1201 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 558-559 ◽

pp. 1201-1206 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mihaela Teodorescu ◽

Patrice Lasne ◽

Roland E. Logé

Keyword(s):

Numerical Simulation ◽

Grain Size ◽

Present Model ◽

Static Recrystallization ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

The Other ◽

Finite Element Code ◽

3D Numerical Simulation ◽

Fraction Distribution ◽

Simulation Results

The present work concerns the simulation of metallurgical evolutions in 3D multi-pass forming processes. In this context, the analyzed problem is twofold. One point refers to the management of the microstructure evolution during each pass or each inter-pass period and the other point concerns the management of the multi-pass aspects (different grain categories, data structure). In this framework, a model is developed and deals with both aspects. The model considers the microstructure as a composite made of a given (discretized) number of phases which have their own specific properties. The grain size distribution and the recrystallized volume fraction distribution of the different phases evolve continuously during a pass or inter-pass period. With this approach it is possible to deal with the heterogeneity of the microstructure and its evolution in multi-pass conditions. Both dynamic and static recrystallization phenomena are taken into account, with typical Avrami-type equations. The present model is implemented in the Finite Element code FORGE2005®. 3D numerical simulation results for a multi-pass process are presented.

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Simulation of the Effect of Oil Volume Fractions in an Oil-Water Flows Along a Circular Pipe: A Finite Element Approach

Journal of Mathematics Research ◽

10.5539/jmr.v10n5p19 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Ferdusee Akter ◽

Md. Bhuyan ◽

Ujjwal Deb

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Fluid Velocity ◽

Galerkin Approximation ◽

Computational Domain ◽

Two Phase Flows ◽

Two Phase ◽

Volume Fractions ◽

Oil In Water ◽

Element Approach

Two phase flows in pipelines are very common in industries for the oil transportations. The aim of our work is to observe the effect of oil volume fraction in the oil in water two phase flows. The study has been accomplished using a computational model which is based on a Finite Element Method (FEM) named Galerkin approximation. The velocity profiles and volume fractions are performed by numerical simulations and we have considered the COMSOL Multiphysics Software version 4.2a for our simulation. The computational domain is 8m in length and 0.05m in radius. The results show that the velocity of the mixture decreases as the oil volume fraction increases. It should be noted that if we gradually increase the volume fractions of oil, the fluid velocity also changes and the saturated level of the volume fraction is 22.3%.

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An Oligoimide Particle as a Pickering Emulsion Stabilizer

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym10101071 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1071 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yu-Jin Cho ◽

Dong-Min Kim ◽

In-Ho Song ◽

Ju-Young Choi ◽

Seung-Won Jin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Concentration ◽

Pickering Emulsion ◽

Pickering Emulsions ◽

Step Method ◽

Wetting Properties ◽

Emulsion Droplets ◽

Step Procedure ◽

Oil In Water ◽

One Step ◽

Oil Emulsions

A pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA)-based oligoimide (PMDA-ODA) was synthesized by a one-step procedure using water as a solvent. The PMDA-ODA particles showed excellent partial wetting properties and were stably dispersed in both water and oil phases. A stable dispersion was not obtained with comparison PMDA-ODA particles that were synthesized by a conventional two-step method using an organic solvent. Both oil-in-water and water-in-oil Pickering emulsions were prepared using the oligoimide particles synthesized in water, and the size of the emulsion droplet was controlled based on the oligoimide particle concentration. The oligoimide particles were tested to prepare Pickering emulsions using various kinds of oils. The oil-in-water Pickering emulsions were successfully applied to prepare microcapsules of the emulsion droplets. Our new Pickering emulsion stabilizer has the advantages of easy synthesis, no need for surface modification, and the capability of stabilizing both oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions.

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