scholarly journals Visual Appearance of Oil on the Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Merv Fingas
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Physical Explanation ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Surface Discharges ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
Spilled Oil

The visual appearance of oil spills at sea is often used as an indicator of spilled oil properties, state and slick thickness. These appearances and the oil properties that are associated with them are reviewed in this paper. The appearance of oil spills is an estimator of thickness of thin oil slicks, thinner than a rainbow sheen (<3 µm). Rainbow sheens have a strong physical explanation. Thicker oil slicks (e.g., >3 µm) are not correlated with a given oil appearance. At one time, the appearance of surface discharges from ships was thought to be correlated with discharge rate and vessel speed; however, this approach is now known to be incorrect. Oil on the sea can sometimes form water-in-oil emulsions, dependent on the properties of the oil, and these are often reddish in color. These can be detected visually, providing useful information on the state of the oil. Oil-in-water emulsions can be seen as a coffee-colored cloud below the water surface. Other information gleaned from the oil appearance includes coverage and distribution on the surface.

EPHEMERAL DATA COLLECTION GUIDANCE MANUAL, WITH EMPHASIS ON OIL SPILL NRDAS

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 (1) ◽  
pp. 1029-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon A. Robilliard ◽  
Paul D. Boehm ◽  
Michael J. Amman
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
First Responders ◽  
Environmental Sampling ◽  
Beach Sediments ◽  
Spilled Oil

ABSTRACT The purpose of the guidance manual is to identify for first responders the basic methods for collecting, preserving, and documenting essential ephemeral samples and data that are needed for NRDA and general environmental assessment in oil spills. The manual assumes that first responders will have limited specialized experience, expertise, and equipment in environmental sampling. Ephemeral data and samples include (a) source oil and freshly spilled oil, (b) the spatial distribution and amount of oil on the water surface and on shorelines, (c) unoiled beach sediments, (d) oil in the water column in unoiled and oiled areas, and (e) selected unoiled intertidal organisms. The manual provides guidance on where, when, and how to collect each type of sample and data. The manual emphasizes the importance of documenting samples and data so that they can be used later to evaluate the environmental impacts of the spilled oil.

The Visibility of Oil-Water Discharges

1973 ◽  
Vol 1973 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
Bernard Hornstein
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
American Petroleum Institute ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Surface Discharges ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
Sky Conditions ◽  
Oil Films

ABSTRACT Oil Spills: Controlled oil films from 15 through 3000 nanometers (3 microns) thick show reflectance and interference color effects that vary in an orderly way with film thickness, and that agree with the well-known table published by the American Petroleum Institute. This inherent appearance depends only upon local film thickness and is independent of oil type. Visibility of a given film is variable and is affected by ambient factors that include sky conditions, water surface state, and the depth and color of the water. Oil-Water Discharges: Controlled streams of 25 to 100 gpm, containing 5 to 250 ppm of oil, were discharged into Raritan Bay from a 65-foot vessel. Discharge points were above the surface or 2 to 5 feet below the surface, with the vessel an anchor in tidal currents, simulating a fixed source in a low current. Above-surface discharges were also made with the vessel underway at 6 to 15 knots. The visibility and appearance of films resulting from the discharges were recorded from the vessel and from a helicopter. The visibility of above-surface discharges for all combinations of water rate, oil content, and vessel speed, is correlated by a Specific Oil Rate (SOR) parameter: Discharges of SOR = 4 or less were not visible, while those of SOR = 40 or more were visible. Visibility varied for intermediate discharges in the SOR range of 4 to 40. Visibility was infrequent near SOR = 4, and became more frequent as SOR increased. Fifty percent of the SOR = 20 discharges were visible. This correlation is for observations made from an aircraft. Results of discharges reported by the Coast Guard for vessel speeds of 10–17 kt and by the British for 8–16 kt correlate with ours via the SOR parameter. These observations were also from aircraft. Subsurface discharges appeared substantially less visible than corresponding above surface discharges. Replication, however, was insufficient to allow development of a correlation.

CLEANING UP EMERGENCY OIL SPILLS FROM THE WATER SURFACE WITH MAGNETIC ADSORBENTS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yury Rubanov ◽  
Yury Rubanov ◽  
Yulia Tokach ◽  
Yulia Tokach ◽  
Marina Vasilenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Steelmaking Slag ◽  
Magnetic Adsorbents ◽  
Ratio Of Components ◽  
Iron Ore Concentrate ◽  
Electric Furnace Steelmaking

There was suggested a method of obtaining a complex adsorbent with magnetic properties for the oil spill clean-up from the water surface by means of controlled magnetic field. As magnetic filler a finely-dispersed iron-ore concentrate in the form of magnetite, obtained by wet magnetic separation of crushed iron ore, was suggested. As an adsorbing component the disintegrating electric-furnace steelmaking slag, obtained by dry air-cooling method, was selected. The mass ratio of components slag:magnetite is 1(1,5÷2,0). For cleaning up emergency oil spills with the suggested magnetic adsorbent a facility, which is installed on a twin-hulled oil recovery vessel, was designed. The vessel contains a rectangular case between the vessel hulls with inlet and outlet for the treated water, the bottom of which is a permanently moving belt. Above the belt, at the end point of it there is an oil-gathering drum with magnetic system. The adsorbent is poured to oil-products layer from a hopper, provided with drum feeder. Due to the increased bulk weight the adsorbent sinks rapidly into the oil layer on the water surface. If the large non-floating flocculi are formed, they sink and sedimentate on the moving belt and are moved to the oil-gathering drum. The saturated adsorbent is removed from the drum surface with a scraper, connected with a gutter, with contains a rotating auger.

scholarly journals Design aspects of (super)hydrophobic mesh based oil-collecting device with improved efficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weikang Xu ◽  
Zhentao Zhang ◽  
Xiaomei Cai ◽  
Yazhen Hong ◽  
Tianliang Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Oily Wastewater ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
The Past ◽  
Oil Storage ◽  
Future Success

AbstractEffective treatment of frequent oil spills and endless discharged oily wastewater is crucial for the ecosystem and human health. In the past two decades, the collection of oil from water surface has been widely studied through the simple fabrication of superhydrophobic meshes with various coating materials, but little attention is paid to the design aspects of the meshes based oil-collecting device and practical oil collection. Here, 3D-printing devices with different configurations of (super)hydrophobic meshes, circular truncated cone (CTC), cylinder and inverted CTC, and the same inverted cone-shaped structure (below the meshes for temporary oil storage) are investigated. Results demonstrate that the CTC meshes based device especially for an oblate one not only shows higher stability and discharge of the collected oils than previous reports, but also allows floating oils to enter the (super)hydrophobic mesh faster. We anticipate that future success in developing high-performance (super)hydrophobic meshes and the further optimization of the CTC mesh-based device parameters will make our proposed device more practical for the treatment of real-life oil spills.

scholarly journals An Oligoimide Particle as a Pickering Emulsion Stabilizer

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Jin Cho ◽  
Dong-Min Kim ◽  
In-Ho Song ◽  
Ju-Young Choi ◽  
Seung-Won Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Concentration ◽  
Pickering Emulsion ◽  
Pickering Emulsions ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Wetting Properties ◽  
Emulsion Droplets ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
One Step ◽  
Oil Emulsions

A pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA)-based oligoimide (PMDA-ODA) was synthesized by a one-step procedure using water as a solvent. The PMDA-ODA particles showed excellent partial wetting properties and were stably dispersed in both water and oil phases. A stable dispersion was not obtained with comparison PMDA-ODA particles that were synthesized by a conventional two-step method using an organic solvent. Both oil-in-water and water-in-oil Pickering emulsions were prepared using the oligoimide particles synthesized in water, and the size of the emulsion droplet was controlled based on the oligoimide particle concentration. The oligoimide particles were tested to prepare Pickering emulsions using various kinds of oils. The oil-in-water Pickering emulsions were successfully applied to prepare microcapsules of the emulsion droplets. Our new Pickering emulsion stabilizer has the advantages of easy synthesis, no need for surface modification, and the capability of stabilizing both oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions.

scholarly journals Naphthenic Acids: Formation, Role in Emulsion Stability, and Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry-Based Analytical Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Roselaine Facanali ◽  
Nathália de A. Porto ◽  
Juliana Crucello ◽  
Rogerio M. Carvalho ◽  
Boniek G. Vaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Naphthenic Acids ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
Modern Analytical

Naphthenic acids (NAs) are compounds naturally present in most petroleum sources comprised of complex mixtures with a highly variable composition depending on their origin. Their occurrence in crude oil can cause severe corrosion problems and catalysts deactivation, decreasing oil quality and consequently impacting its productivity and economic value. NAs structures also allow them to behave as surfactants, causing the formation and stabilization of emulsions. In face of the ongoing challenge of treatment of water-in-oil (W/O) or oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions in the oil and gas industry, it is important to understand how NAs act in emulsified systems and which acids are present in the interface. Considering that, this review describes the properties of NAs, their role in the formation and stability of oil emulsions, and the modern analytical methods used for the qualitative analysis of such acids.

Spreading of Oil-in-Water Emulsions on Water Surface

Langmuir ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (37) ◽  
pp. 10974-10983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda Sanatkaran ◽  
Valery G. Kulichikhin ◽  
Alexander Ya. Malkin ◽  
Reza Foudazi
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Oil In Water

scholarly journals MODELING THE WIND INFLUENCE IN AN OIL SPILL ALONG THE SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN SHELF

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
C. E. Stringari ◽  
W. C. Marques ◽  
L. F. Mello ◽  
R. T. Edit
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Local Wind ◽  
Wind Influence ◽  
Oil Density ◽  
Environmental Agencies ◽  
Spilled Oil

Oil spills can generate different effects in different time scales on the marine ecosystem. The numerical modeling of this process is an important tool with low computational cost which provides a powerful appliance to environmental agencies regarding the risk management. In this way, the objective of this work is evaluate the local wind influence in a hypothetical oil spill along the Southern Brazilian shelf. The numerical simulation was carried using the ECOS model (Easy Coupling Oil System), an oil spill model developed at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, coupled with the tridimensional hydrodynamical model TELEMAC3D (EDF, France). The hydrodynamic model provides the velocities, salinity and temperature fields used by the oil spill model to evaluate the behavior and fate of the oil. The results suggest that the local wind influence are the main forcing driven the fate of the spilled oil. The direction and intensity of the currents are important controlling the behavior and the tridimensional transportation of the oil, on the other hand, the turbulent diffusion is important for the horizontal drift of the oil. The weathering results indicate 40% of evaporation and 80% of emulsification, and the combination of these processes leads an increasing of the oil density around 53.4 kg/m³ after 5 days of simulation.

scholarly journals Mapping of Ecological Vulnerability of Sea-Coastal Zones to Oil Spills: A Preliminary Method Applied to Kola Bay, the Barents Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoly Shavykin ◽  
Andrey Karnatov
Keyword(s):  
Barents Sea ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Vulnerability Factors ◽  
Ecological Vulnerability ◽  
Vulnerability Maps ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Spilled Oil

Preparedness for oil spill response is a challenge for many coastal countries. Responders are unable to take effective action unless maps that indicate areas with different vulnerability to oil pollution are available. Such maps, developed in many countries, are usually based on calculations with rank (ordinal) values. However, arithmetic operations with them cannot be allowed. The article describes a method of constructing maps using metric values. The calculations take into account the biomass and the quantity of important biota components, especially significant socio-economic objects and protected areas. The biota distribution densities are represented in the identical units. The vulnerability factors are assessed based on the potential impact of spilled oil on biota, as well as its sensitivity and recoverability after disturbance. The proposed method takes into account the different sensitivity of biota inhabiting in the water column and on the sea surface. Oil vulnerability maps for Kola Bay using the proposed algorithm are presented.

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