Experimental and Analytical Load-Life Relation for AISI 9310 Steel Spur Gears

Life tests were conducted at three different loads with three groups of 8.9 cm (3.5 in.) pitch diameter spur gears made of vacuum arc remelted (VAR) AISI 9310 steel. Life was found to vary inversely with load to the 4.3 and 5.1 power at the L10 and L50 life levels, respectively. The Weibull slope varied linearly with maximum Hertz contact stress, having an average value of 2.5. The test data when compared to AGMA standards showed a steeper slope for the load-life diagram.

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Simplified Spur Gear Design

Volume 11: Systems, Design, and Complexity ◽

10.1115/imece2016-65426 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Edward E. Osakue

Keyword(s):

Contact Stress ◽

Design Method ◽

Spur Gear ◽

Load Factor ◽

Spur Gears ◽

Bending Stress ◽

Hertz Contact ◽

Gear Design ◽

Simplified Method ◽

The Difference

A simplified design method (SDM) for spur gears is presented. The Hertz contact stress and Lewis root bending stress capacity models for spur gears have been reformulated and formatted into simplified forms. A scheme is suggested for estimating the AGMA J-factor in Lewis root bending stress for spur gears from a single curve for both pinion and gear instead of the conventional two curves. A service load factor is introduced in gear design that accounts for different conventional rated load modifier factors. It represents a magnification factor for the rated load in a gear design problem. Two design examples are considered for applications of the stress capacity models. In Example 1, the Hertz contact stress of the SDM deviates from AGMA value by 1.95%. The variance in Example 2 between the contact stress of the SDM and FEM is 1.184% while that between SDM and AGMA is 0.09%. The root bending stress of AGMA and SDM for the pinion in Example 1 differs by 1.44% and that for the gear by 6.59%. The difference between the root bending stress of AGMA and SDM for pinion and gear in Example 2 is 0.18%. These examples suggest that the new simplified method gives results that compare very favorably with both AGMA and FEM solutions. The simplified method developed is recommended mainly for preliminary design when quick but reliable solutions are sought.

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A Novel Tooth Tip Relief Method for Reducing Micro-Pitting of Spur Gears

10.21203/rs.3.rs-371732/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xiangyang Xu ◽

Yinghua Liang ◽

Shumiao Zuo ◽

Peng Dong ◽

Yanfang Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Contact Stress ◽

Smooth Transition ◽

Curvature Radius ◽

Spur Gears ◽

The Novel ◽

Hertz Contact ◽

Bench Tests ◽

Novel Method ◽

Tooth Flank ◽

Transition Areas

Abstract Micro-pitting is a common fatigue failure mode of spur gears. To reduce it, this paper proposes a novel tooth tip relief method. Gear meshing simulation is firstly performed considering the actual contact path, showing that there are four Hertz contact stress peaks in the transition areas of the tooth flank. Equations are then developed for the novel tooth tip relief method: one focuses on the smooth transition between the involute profile and the tip relief region, the other on the smooth transition between the tip relief region and the tooth tip. The results of curvature radius and Hertz contact stress show that the proposed novel method can effectively reduce the Hertz contact stress peaks, which indicates this tip relief method could benefit for reducing the micro-pitting. Finally, both wear simulations and bench tests are conducted, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed method for reducing the micro-pitting of spur gears.

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A novel tooth tip relief method for reducing micro-pitting of spur gears

Advances in Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1177/16878140211044641 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 168781402110446

Author(s):

Xiangyang Xu ◽

Yinghua Liang ◽

Shumiao Zuo ◽

Peter Tenberge ◽

Peng Dong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Contact Stress ◽

Smooth Transition ◽

Curvature Radius ◽

Spur Gears ◽

The Novel ◽

Hertz Contact ◽

Bench Tests ◽

Novel Method ◽

Tooth Flank ◽

Transition Areas

Micro-pitting is a common fatigue failure mode of spur gears. To reduce it, this paper proposes a novel tooth tip relief method. Gear meshing simulation is firstly performed considering the actual contact path, showing that there are four Hertz contact stress peaks in the transition areas of the tooth flank. Equations are then developed for the novel tooth tip relief method: one focuses on the smooth transition between the involute profile and the tip relief region, the other on the smooth transition between the tip relief region and the tooth tip. The results of curvature radius and Hertz contact stress show that the proposed novel method can effectively reduce the Hertz contact stress peaks, which indicates this tip relief method could benefit for reducing the micro-pitting. Finally, both wear simulations and bench tests are conducted, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed method for reducing the micro-pitting of spur gears.

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Meshing and Bearing Analysis of Nutation Drive with Face Gear

Recent Patents on Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.2174/2212797613999200420161031 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 352-365

Author(s):

Guangxin Wang ◽

Lili Zhu ◽

Peng Wang ◽

Jia Deng

Keyword(s):

Contact Stress ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Transmission Ratio ◽

Contact Strength ◽

Hertz Contact ◽

Face Gear ◽

Compact Structure ◽

Gear Teeth ◽

Gear Drive ◽

Number Of Teeth

Background: Nutation drive is being extensively investigated due to its ability to achieve a high reduction ratio with a compact structure and the potential for low vibration, high efficiency and design flexibility. However, many problems including the difficulty to process the inner bevel gear, less number of teeth in engagement and not being suitable for high-power transmission have restricted its development. Objective: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the contact strength of a patent about a new nutation drive developed based on meshing between two face gears, which has the advantages of both face gear and nutation drive, including large transmission ratio, large coincidence, small size, compact structure and strong bearing capacity. Methods: Based on the meshing principle and basic structure of the nutation face gear drive, the contact strength of nutation face gear transmission is analyzed by the Hertz contact analysis method and FEM method. Results: The maximum stress values of nutation face gear teeth are compared by two methods, which verify the accuracy of Hertz contact analytical method in calculating the contact strength of nutation face gear teeth. Furthermore, nine groups of three-dimensional models for the nutation face gear drive with a transmission ratio of 52 and different cutter parameters are established. Conclusion: The study analyzes the contact stress of fixed and rotary face gears in meshing with planetary face gears, and obtains the distribution law of contact stress and the influence of the number of teeth and parameters of the cutter on the load-carrying capacity.

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Increased Surface Fatigue Lives of Spur Gears by Application of a Coating

Journal of Mechanical Design ◽

10.1115/1.1799651 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 126 (6) ◽

pp. 1047-1054 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Timothy Krantz ◽

Clark Cooper ◽

Dennis Townsend ◽

Bruce Hansen

Keyword(s):

Magnetron Sputtering ◽

Fatigue Failure ◽

Hard Coatings ◽

Spur Gears ◽

Surface Fatigue ◽

Accelerated Life Tests ◽

Accelerated Life ◽

Life Tests ◽

Carbon Based

Hard coatings have potential for increasing gear surface fatigue lives. Experiments were conducted using gears both with and without a metal-containing, carbon-based coating. The gears were case-carburized AISI 9310 steel spur gears. Some gears were provided with the coating by magnetron sputtering. Lives were evaluated by accelerated life tests. For uncoated gears, all of 15 tests resulted in fatigue failure before completing 275 million revolutions. For coated gears, 11 of the 14 tests were suspended with no fatigue failure after 275 million revolutions. The improved life owing to the coating, approximately a sixfold increase, was a statistically significant result.

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Determination of Fracture Toughness and K-R Curve for 2524-T3 Aluminum Alloy

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1039 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 291-294 ◽

pp. 1039-1042

Author(s):

Wei Xie ◽

Shao Wei Tu ◽

Qi Qing Huang ◽

Ya Zhi Li

Keyword(s):

Fracture Toughness ◽

Aluminum Alloy ◽

Stress Fracture ◽

Test Data ◽

Plane Stress ◽

Crack Extension ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Mode I ◽

Average Value

In the present work, the resistance to crack extension of 2524-T3 aluminum alloy under Mode I loading was studied by using the middle-cracked tension M (T) specimens. The curve, plane-stress fracture toughness and apparent plane-stress fracture toughness were calculated by test data. The average value of measured fracture toughness at room temperature was 161 MPam1/2. The results and conclusions can be referred in airplane skin design.

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Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Menulis Puisi Melalui Media Gambar Berseri Siswa Kelas VIII-1 SMP Negeri 17 Ambon

Stilistika: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra ◽

10.30651/st.v13i2.4779 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 216

Author(s):

Everhard Markiano Solissa ◽

Lesly Chriselya Wattimury

Keyword(s):

Action Research ◽

Learning Outcomes ◽

Test Data ◽

Test Results ◽

Average Value ◽

Writing Test ◽

Poetry Writing ◽

Student Test ◽

Classroom Action Research ◽

Media Learning

ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan kemampuan menulis puisi siswa kelas VIII-1 SMP Negeri 17 Ambon. Data penelitian ini berupa hasil tes menulis puisi yang diambil dari setiap siklus. Sampel berjumlah 25 siswa. Data tes dianalisis menggunakan rumus, yakni nilai siswa diperoleh dari hasil bagi jumlah skor yang diperoleh siswa dengan skor ideal. Hasil tes siswa kemudian dikualifikasi sesuai kriteria yang telah ditentukan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan hasil belajar menulis puisi siswa kelas VIII-1 SMP Negeri 17 Ambon dengan menggunakan media gambar berseri. Hal itu terlihat dari jumlah siswa yang mencapai KKM pada siklus pertama yakni 3 orang dengan nilai rata-rata semua siswa 51,70 menjadi 19 orang pada siklus kedua dengan nilai rata-rata semua siswa 75.Kata kunci: Media Gambar Berseri, Peningkatan Hasil Belajar, Menulis Puisi, Penelitian Tindakan KelasABSTRACTThe aims of this research is to improve the ability to write poetry for VIII-1 grade students at SMP Negeri 17 Ambon. The data of this research are in the form of poetry writing test results taken from each cycle. The sample consisted of 25 students. Test data were analyzed using a formula that is the student scores obtained from the results for the total score obtained by students with an ideal score. Student test results are then qualified according to predetermined criteria. The results showed that there was an increase in the learning outcomes of writing poetry for VIII-1 grade students of SMP Negeri 17 Ambon by using serial media. This can be seen from the number of students who reached the KKM in the first cycle namely 3 people with an average value of all students 51.70. It becomes 19 people in the second cycle with an average value of all students 75.Keyword: Serial Image Media, Learning Outcomes Improvement, Writing Poetry, Classroom Action Research

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PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN MENULIS TEKS PIDATO MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KUMON SISWA KELAS X MA AL-MUHAJIRIN TUGUMULYO

Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia ◽

10.30659/j.7.2.122-128 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 122

Author(s):

DIAN RAMADAN LAZUARDI

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Action Research ◽

Data Collection ◽

Test Data ◽

Research Approach ◽

Text Learning ◽

Average Value ◽

Action Research Approach ◽

Analysis Technique ◽

Classroom Action Research

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan menulis teks pidato siswa kelas X MA Al-Muhajirin Tugumulyo menggunakan model pembelajaran kumon yang berjumlah 32 orang siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian tindakan kelas (classroom action research). Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini�menggunakan teknik tes. Hasil data tes dianalisis dengan melihat nilai rata-rata peningkatan pada pratindakan, siklus I, dan siklus II. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan cara menjumlahkan skor dari indikator penilaian yang diperoleh siswa. Pada kegiatan pratindakan nilai rata-rata siswa sebesar 71,71% dengan ketuntasan sebesar 34,38% dengan jumlah siswa tuntas sebanyak 11 orang dan yang tidak tuntas sebanyak 21 orang. Tindakan siklus I, nilai rata-rata siswa 75,53 dan ketuntasan hanya mencapai 71,88% dengan jumlah siswa tuntas sebanyak 23 orang dan tidak tuntas sebanyak 9orang. Sedangkan pada siklus II nilai rata-rata mencapai 80,93 dengan jumlah siswa tuntas sebanyak 30 orang dan tidak tuntas 2 orang, berarti dari siklus I sampai siklus II meningkat sebesar 21,87%.. Simpulan, melalui model pembelajaran kumon kemampuan menulis teks pidato meningkat.Kata Kunci: Teks pidato, pembelajaran, kumon.AbstractThis study aims to improve the ability to write speech texts in class X MA Al-Muhajirin Tugumulyo using a kumon learning model of 32 students. This research uses a classroom action research approach. Data collection techniques in this study used test techniques. The results of the test data were analyzed by looking at the average value of the increase in pre-action, cycle I, and cycle II. Data analysis technique is done by adding up scores from assessment indicators obtained by students. In the pre-action activities the average value of students was 71.71% with completeness of 34.38% with the number of students as many as 11 people and as many as 21 people who did not complete. The first cycle of action, the average value of students 75.53 and completeness only reached 71.88% with the total number of students as many as 23 people and not as many as 9 people. While in cycle II the average value reached 80.93 with 30 students completing as many students and not completing 2 people, meaning that from cycle I to cycle II increased by 21.87%. increased.Keywords: Speech text, learning, kumon.

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