Corrosion in Iron and Steel T91 Caused by Flowing Lead–Bismuth Eutectic at 400 °C and 10−7 Mass% Dissolved Oxygen

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Schroer ◽  
Valentyn Tsisar ◽  
Adeline Durand ◽  
Olaf Wedemeyer ◽  
Aleksandr Skrypnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Pure Iron ◽  
Martensitic Steel ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Austenitic Steels ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Singular Event ◽  
Lead Bismuth Eutectic

Specimens produced from technically pure iron and two different heats of ferritic/martensitic steel T91 are investigated after exposure to oxygen-containing flowing lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) at 400 °C, 10−7 mass% dissolved oxygen, and flow velocity of 2 m/s, for exposure times between around 1000 and 13,000 h. The occurring phenomena are analyzed and quantified using metallographic cross sections prepared after exposure. While pure iron mostly shows solution underneath or in the absence of a detached and buckled oxide scale, solution in T91 occurs only in a few spots on the sample surface. However, in the case of one of the investigated heats, a singular event of exceptionally severe solution-based corrosion is observed. The results are compared especially with findings at 450 and 550 °C and otherwise similar conditions as well as austenitic steels tested in the identical experimental run.

scholarly journals Corrosion in Steel T91 Caused by Flowing Lead–Bismuth Eutectic at 400°C and 10−7 Mass% Solved Oxygen

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Schroer ◽  
Valentyn Tsisar ◽  
Olaf Wedemeyer ◽  
Aleksandr Skrypnik ◽  
Jürgen Konys
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Martensitic Steel ◽  
Austenitic Steels ◽  
Oxide Scales ◽  
Material Loss ◽  
Local Material ◽  
Singular Event ◽  
Lead Bismuth Eutectic

Specimens produced from two different heats of ferritic/martensitic steel T91 were exposed to oxygen-containing flowing lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) at 400 °C, 10−7 mass% solved oxygen and flow velocity of 2 m/s, for exposure times between around 1000 and 13,000 h. The occurring phenomena were analyzed and quantified using metallographic cross sections prepared after exposure. Oxidation causes a material loss of <10 μm after 13,000 h, while corrosion initiated by the solution of the steel elements may generally proceed around 15 to 30 μm deep into the material in the same amount of time. Oxide scales formed on both heats of T91 tend to buckle and detach. In the case of one of the investigated heats, a singular event of exceptionally severe solution-based corrosion was observed, with associated local material loss around 1.2 mm after 13,000 h. The results are compared especially with findings at 450 and 550 °C and otherwise similar conditions as well as austenitic steels tested in the identical experimental run.

Quantification of the Long-Term Performance of Steels T91 and 316L in Oxygen-Containing Flowing Lead-Bismuth Eutectic at 550°C

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Schroer ◽  
Juergen Konys
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Martensitic Steel ◽  
Metal Flow ◽  
Liquid Metal Flow ◽  
Lead Bismuth Eutectic ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

The long-term performance of ferritic/martensitic steel T91 and austenitic 316L in oxygen-containing flowing lead-bismuth eutectic at 550°C was investigated by exposing the materials for up to 15,000 h in the CORRIDA loop. The velocity of the liquid-metal flow was 2 m/s and the concentration of dissolved oxygen averaged 1.6×10−6 mass %. The resulting corrosion processes and products were analyzed and quantified using metallographic methods.

Quantification of the Long-Term Performance of Steels T91 and 316L in Oxygen-Containing Flowing Lead-Bismuth Eutectic at 550°C

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Schroer ◽  
Juergen Konys
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Martensitic Steel ◽  
Metal Flow ◽  
Liquid Metal Flow ◽  
Lead Bismuth Eutectic ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

The long-term performance of ferritic/martensitic steel T91 and austenitic 316L in oxygen-containing flowing lead-bismuth eutectic at 550°C was investigated by exposing the materials for up to 15000 h in the CORRIDA loop. The velocity of the liquid-metal flow was 2 m/s and the concentration of dissolved oxygen averaged 1.6×10−6 mass%. The resulting corrosion processes and products were analyzed and quantified using metallographic methods.

Qxygen transfer in gravity flow sewers

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 417-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.Y. Pai ◽  
C.F. Ouyang ◽  
Y.C. Liao ◽  
H.G. Leu
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
Partial Differential Equation ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Molecular Diffusion ◽  
Eddy Diffusion ◽  
Partial Differential ◽  
Diffusion Term ◽  
Sewer Pipes ◽  
Gravity Sewer

Oxygen diffused to water in gravity sewer pipes was studied in a 21 m long, 0.15 m diameter model sewer. At first, the sodium sulfide was added into the clean water to deoxygenate, then the pump was started to recirculate the water and the deoxygenated water was reaerated. The dissolved oxygen microelectrode was installed to measure the dissolved oxygen concentrations varied with flow velocity, time and depth. The dissolved oxygen concentration profiles were constructed and observed. The partial differential equation diffusion model that considered Fick's law including the molecular diffusion term and eddy diffusion term were derived. The analytic solution of the partial differential equation was used to determine the diffusivities by the method of nonlinear regression. The diffusivity values for the oxygen transfer was found to be a function of molecular diffusion, eddy diffusion and flow velocity.

Diamond film nucleation and interface characterization

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 2151-2159 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bou ◽  
L. Vandenbulcke ◽  
R. Herbin ◽  
F. Hillion
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Deposition Time ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Simultaneous Recording ◽  
Carbon Activity ◽  
Nucleation Density ◽  
Carbide Formation ◽  
Interface Characterization ◽  
Film Nucleation

A powerful micro SIMS technique coupled to a computer driven acquisition system has allowed the simultaneous recording of C−, MoO−, and Si− images of the sample surfaces, or of the transverse cross sections of the Mo-diamond interface. Diamond deposition has been shown to take place on a Mo2C layer, and the influence on the nucleation process of Si contamination, coming from the quartz tube etched by H atoms, has been investigated. Contamination can in fact occur during the shutdown procedures or during the whole experiment. This last contamination can be avoided by using suitable pressure ranges or gas combinations. Moreover, the deposition time necessary to obtain well-crystallized diamond films and the nucleation density could be optimized by an in situ pretreatment stage. This treatment reduces the delay observed before nucleation (which would correspond to the carbide formation), and increases the carbon activity at the sample surface.

Hydrology and Water Quality Survey Near the Gezhouba Dam in the Winter

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 3256-3261
Author(s):  
Jia Fei Zhou ◽  
Cong Feng Wang ◽  
De Fu Liu ◽  
Jing Wen Xiang ◽  
Ping Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Chinese Sturgeon ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Gezhouba Dam ◽  
Survival Condition

Filed hydrology and water quality data were collected near the Gezhouba Dam early December of 2012 to analyze the response of Chinese Sturgeon survival condition to water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, transparency (SD) and bottom flow-velocity. The results showed that water temperature lag is unconspicuous. The water temperature of Gezhouba Dam Sanjiang (GDS) was lower than that of Gezhouba Dam River (GDR), and it hindered propagation of sturgeon eggs. DO decreased fast in the vertical water column of GDS, pH ranged from 7.5 to 7.71. The hydrology and water quality were suitable for the life condition of sturgeon eggs and fry, except index of bottom flow-velocity.

scholarly journals On the changes in iron and steel at temperatures below 280° C

1923 ◽  
Vol 102 (718) ◽  
pp. 587-599 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pure Iron ◽  
Iron Carbide ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Pig Iron ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

As a result of some unexpected facts observed during an investigation on the etching properties of the carbides in alloy steels, the study of the changes which are well known to occur in iron carbide was commenced. Since pure iron carbide was not to be obtained in bulk, the material used Was a Swedish white pig iron which contained about 60 per cent. Fe 3 C. The remainder consisted of more or less pure iron, and in view of the complexity of the curves expressing the relationship of the electrical resistance to temperature it was necessary to add to the high carbon material as pure a sample of iron as could be obtained. This was a remarkably pure sample of American ingot iron containing 99⋅9 per cent. iron. To link up these two materials, two steels with about 0⋅15 and 1 per cent, of carbon were also examined. The full analyses of the materials used are recorded in Table I. It is now well known that carbide of iron, Fe 3 C, has a change point at about 200°C., but the fact that there are also equally important changes in pure iron has not, hitherto, been clearly realised, although there have, from time to time, been found values for various physical and mechanical properties which did not fit well on curves showing the general relationship of the property and temperature.

Conversaziones and Receptions, 1964

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118
Keyword(s):  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Austenitic Steels ◽  
Research Association ◽  
Cavendish Laboratory ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Partial Dislocations ◽  
Steel Research ◽  
Metallurgy Department ◽  
Dislocation Movement ◽  
The Subject

THE conversazione held on 9 July to mark the quater-centenary of the birth of Galileo is described on page 119. The usual conversaziones were held on 7 May and 22 October at which the following exhibits were shown. The strength and fracture of metals was the subject of three exhibits. It is known that the strength of metals is far below its theoretical limit due to the presence of dislocations in the crystal structure. All strengthening processes introduce barriers to dislocation movement but many of these reduce ductility and make metals brittle. The British Iron and Steel Research Association demonstrated how modern physical metallurgical research is indicating new ways in which steel can be strengthened without impairment of ductility or toughness. Miss J. M. Silcock of the Central Electricity Research Laboratories and Mr W. J. Tunstall of the Cavendish Laboratory arranged an exhibit showing stacking fault precipitation in austenitic stainless steels. Electron microscopy has shown that stacking faults appear and grow during the precipitation of carbides in certain austenitic steels. Systematic observations coupled with new calculations have established the nature of the associated partial dislocations and have led to the conclusion that the faults are extrinsic. The Chemistry, Physics and Metallurgy Department of the Royal Aircraft Establishment arranged an exhibit on the fracture of metals. Various forms of fracture were exhibited and research observations and tentative conclusions of the causes of fracture were made known.

Oxidation of Austenitic Steel TP347HFG Exposed to Supercritical Water with Different Dissolved Oxygen Concentration

2011 ◽  
Vol 148-149 ◽  
pp. 1179-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nai Qiang Zhang ◽  
Bao Rang Li ◽  
Yang Bai ◽  
Hong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Supercritical Water ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Oxidation Behavior ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Fine Grained

The oxidation of austenitic fine-grained steel TP347HFG exposed to supercritical water at 550 °C and 25 MPa with the dissolved oxygen concentration of 100 ppb, 300 ppb and 2000 ppb was investigated. The results indicated weight gain increased with the dissolved oxygen increasing. The herpes-shaped oxides were formed on the sample surface. The oxide layer was a typical dual-layered structure with a Fe-rich outer layer and a Fe-Cr-Ni-rich inner layer. The influences of the dissolved oxygen concentration and grain size on oxidation behavior were discussed finally.

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