A review on end-of-use management of spent lithium-ion batteries from sustainability perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Liang Cong ◽  
Weiwei Liu ◽  
Shuai Kong ◽  
Honglei Li ◽  
Yelin Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Battery Management ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Life Cycle Perspective ◽  
Life Options ◽  
Battery Second Use ◽  
Second Use

Abstract Rapid growth of electric vehicles market advances the mass production of lithium-ion batteries. End-of-life lithium-ion battery management can enhance sustainable development, following the principles of triple bottom line and circular economy. From a life cycle perspective, battery second use and material recovery are two major end-of-life options to handle spent batteries. As an emerging business, battery second use suffers from technology immaturity and has room for multiple types of collaboration benefiting cross-sector stakeholders. On the other hand, existing recycling technologies cannot significantly offset the environmental impact caused by battery manufacturing. To address these concerns and support policy making, the review covered the technical pathways to present a full view of end-of-life battery recovery, identified the key bottlenecks in different dimensions, discussed the strategies for specific applications and even business model innovations. Industrial practice and pilot projects associated with the two end-of-life options are summarized. In the end, future research suggestions are provided to facilitate the establishment of a sustainable circular battery recycling system.

scholarly journals Advances of 2nd Life Applications for Lithium Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Demand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5726
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wewer ◽  
Pinar Bilge ◽  
Franz Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Electromobility is a new approach to the reduction of CO2 emissions and the deceleration of global warming. Its environmental impacts are often compared to traditional mobility solutions based on gasoline or diesel engines. The comparison pertains mostly to the single life cycle of a battery. The impact of multiple life cycles remains an important, and yet unanswered, question. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate advances of 2nd life applications for lithium ion batteries from electric vehicles based on their energy demand. Therefore, it highlights the limitations of a conventional life cycle analysis (LCA) and presents a supplementary method of analysis by providing the design and results of a meta study on the environmental impact of lithium ion batteries. The study focuses on energy demand, and investigates its total impact for different cases considering 2nd life applications such as (C1) material recycling, (C2) repurposing and (C3) reuse. Required reprocessing methods such as remanufacturing of batteries lie at the basis of these 2nd life applications. Batteries are used in their 2nd lives for stationary energy storage (C2, repurpose) and electric vehicles (C3, reuse). The study results confirm that both of these 2nd life applications require less energy than the recycling of batteries at the end of their first life and the production of new batteries. The paper concludes by identifying future research areas in order to generate precise forecasts for 2nd life applications and their industrial dissemination.

scholarly journals Parameter optimization and yield prediction of cathode coating separation process for direct recycling of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (39) ◽  
pp. 24132-24136
Author(s):  
Liurui Li ◽  
Tairan Yang ◽  
Zheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Separation Process ◽  
Yield Prediction ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Pre Treatment

The pre-treatment efficiency of the direct recycling strategy in recovering end-of-life Li-ion batteries is predicted with levels of control factors.

scholarly journals Determination of the Distribution of Relaxation Times by Means of Pulse Evaluation for Offline and Online Diagnosis of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Batteries ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Erik Goldammer ◽  
Julia Kowal
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Battery Management ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Time Domain Data ◽  
Aging Study

The distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis of impedance spectra is a proven method to determine the number of occurring polarization processes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), their polarization contributions and characteristic time constants. Direct measurement of a spectrum by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), however, suffers from a high expenditure of time for low-frequency impedances and a lack of general availability in most online applications. In this study, a method is presented to derive the DRT by evaluating the relaxation voltage after a current pulse. The method was experimentally validated using both EIS and the proposed pulse evaluation to determine the DRT of automotive pouch-cells and an aging study was carried out. The DRT derived from time domain data provided improved resolution of processes with large time constants and therefore enabled changes in low-frequency impedance and the correlated degradation mechanisms to be identified. One of the polarization contributions identified could be determined as an indicator for the potential risk of plating. The novel, general approach for batteries was tested with a sampling rate of 10 Hz and only requires relaxation periods. Therefore, the method is applicable in battery management systems and contributes to improving the reliability and safety of LIBs.

scholarly journals Recoverability Analysis of Critical Materials from Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries through a Dynamic Fleet-Based Approach for Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Enzo Kenta Sato ◽  
Toshihiko Nakata
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Dynamics Modeling ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Size Type ◽  
Critical Materials

This study aims to propose a model to forecast the volume of critical materials that can be recovered from lithium-ion batteries (LiB) through the recycling of end of life electric vehicles (EV). To achieve an environmentally sustainable society, the wide-scale adoption of EV seems to be necessary. Here, the dependency of the vehicle on its batteries has an essential role. The efficient recycling of LiB to minimize its raw material supply risk but also the economic impact of its production process is going to be essential. Initially, this study forecasted the vehicle fleet, sales, and end of life vehicles based on system dynamics modeling considering data of scrapping rates of vehicles by year of life. Then, the volumes of the critical materials supplied for LiB production and recovered from recycling were identified, considering variations in the size/type of batteries. Finally, current limitations to achieve closed-loop production in Japan were identified. The results indicate that the amount of scrapped electric vehicle batteries (EVB) will increase by 55 times from 2018 to 2050, and that 34% of lithium (Li), 50% of cobalt (Co), 28% of nickel (Ni), and 52% of manganese (Mn) required for the production of new LiB could be supplied by recovered EVB in 2035.

Modeling and Estimation for Advanced Battery Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 393-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinfan Lin ◽  
Youngki Kim ◽  
Shankar Mohan ◽  
Jason B. Siegel ◽  
Anna G. Stefanopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
The State ◽  
Consumer Electronics ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Health State ◽  
Battery Management ◽  
Space Applications ◽  
Internal States ◽  
State Of Power

The commercialization of lithium-ion batteries enabled the widespread use of portable consumer electronics and serious efforts to electrify trans-portation. Managing the potent brew of lithium-ion batteries in the large quantities necessary for vehicle propulsion is still challenging. From space applications a billion miles from Earth to the daily commute of a hybrid electric automobile, these batteries require sophisticated battery management systems based on accurate estimation of battery internal states. This system is the brain of the battery and is responsible for estimating the state of charge, state of health, state of power, and temperature. The state estimation relies on accurate prediction of complex electrochemical, thermal, and mechanical phenomena, which increases the importance of model and parameter accuracy. Moreover, as the batteries age, how should the parameters of the model change to accurately represent the performance, and how can we leverage the limited sensor information from the measured terminal voltage and sparse surface temperatures available in a battery system? With a frugal sensor set, what is the optimal sensor placement? This article reviews estimation techniques and error bounds regarding sensor noise and modeling errors, and concludes with an outlook on the research that will be necessary to enable fast charging, repurposing of batteries for grid energy storage, degradation prediction, and fault detection.

scholarly journals Ex-Ante Prediction of Disruptive Innovation: The Case of Battery Technologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5229
Author(s):  
Julian Marius Müller ◽  
Raphael Kunderer
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Disruptive Innovation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Disruptive Technology ◽  
Redox Flow Batteries ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Flow Batteries ◽  
Sustainable Energy Systems

Battery technologies represent a highly relevant field that is undergoing conversions in the context of, for instance, battery electric vehicles or stationary power storage for renewable energies. Currently, lithium-ion batteries represent the predominant technology that has, however, a considerable environmental impact that could hinder the emergence of sustainable energy systems. Driven by these conversions, several authors claim that potentially disruptive technologies could occur. The concept of disruptive innovation has been highly regarded in research and practice, but has only been successfully regarded from an ex-post perspective. However, without the possibility to establish ex-ante predictions of disruptive innovation, several authors disregard the concept of having significant relevance for practice. In response to this research gap, the present paper attempts to establish an ex-ante prediction of potential disruptive innovation. The method is based on the disruption hazard model by Sood and Tellis, testing seven hypotheses regarding a potential disruption hazard of redox-flow batteries towards lithium-ion batteries. The paper finds that redox-flow batteries could represent a disruptive technology, but this evaluation is limited to an expert evaluation. The authors discuss this finding, as the technical characteristics of redox-flow batteries support its role as a potential disruptive innovation, concluding with implications, limitations as well as suggestions for future research.

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