A Conformable Two-Dimensional Resistance Temperature Detector for Measuring Average Skin Temperature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Namisnak ◽  
Sepideh Khoshnevis ◽  
Kenneth R. Diller
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Nonuniform Temperature ◽  
Resistance Temperature Detector ◽  
Temperature Detector ◽  
Average Skin

Abstract Various medical procedures are accomplished by manipulating skin temperature in a nonuniform pattern. Skin temperature monitoring is essential to assess conformance to protocol specifications and to prevent thermal injury. Existing solutions for skin temperature monitoring include single point sensors, such as thermocouples, and two-dimensional methods of sensing surface temperature, such as infrared thermography, and wearable technology. Single point sensors cannot detect the average temperature and consequently their measurements cannot be representative of average surface temperature in a nonuniform temperature field. Infrared thermography requires optical access, and wearable sensors may require complex manufacturing processes and impede the heat exchange with a source by introducing a layer of insulation. Our solution is a two-dimensional resistance temperature detector (2D RTD) created by knitting copper magnet wire into custom shapes. The 2D RTDs were calibrated, compared to one-dimensional sensors and wearable sensors, and analyzed for hysteresis, repeatability, and surface area conformation. Resistance and temperature were correlated with an R2 of 0.99. The 2D RTD proved to be a superior device for measuring average skin temperature exposed to a nonuniform temperature boundary in the absence of optical access such as when a full body thermal control garment is worn.

Measuring Facial Skin Temperature Changes Caused by Mental Work-Load with Infrared Thermography

2016 ◽  
Vol 136 (11) ◽  
pp. 1581-1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tota Mizuno ◽  
Takeru Sakai ◽  
Shunsuke Kawazura ◽  
Hirotoshi Asano ◽  
Kota Akehi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Facial Skin ◽  
Mental Work ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Mental Work Load

scholarly journals 3D Thermal Monitoring of Jointed Rock Masses through Infrared Thermography and Photogrammetry

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 957
Author(s):  
Guglielmo Grechi ◽  
Matteo Fiorucci ◽  
Gian Marco Marmoni ◽  
Salvatore Martino
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
Engineering Geology ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Jointed Rock ◽  
Geometric Accuracy ◽  
Rock Masses ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Temperature Distributions

The study of strain effects in thermally-forced rock masses has gathered growing interest from engineering geology researchers in the last decade. In this framework, digital photogrammetry and infrared thermography have become two of the most exploited remote surveying techniques in engineering geology applications because they can provide useful information concerning geomechanical and thermal conditions of these complex natural systems where the mechanical role of joints cannot be neglected. In this paper, a methodology is proposed for generating point clouds of rock masses prone to failure, combining the high geometric accuracy of RGB optical images and the thermal information derived by infrared thermography surveys. Multiple 3D thermal point clouds and a high-resolution RGB point cloud were separately generated and co-registered by acquiring thermograms at different times of the day and in different seasons using commercial software for Structure from Motion and point cloud analysis. Temperature attributes of thermal point clouds were merged with the reference high-resolution optical point cloud to obtain a composite 3D model storing accurate geometric information and multitemporal surface temperature distributions. The quality of merged point clouds was evaluated by comparing temperature distributions derived by 2D thermograms and 3D thermal models, with a view to estimating their accuracy in describing surface thermal fields. Moreover, a preliminary attempt was made to test the feasibility of this approach in investigating the thermal behavior of complex natural systems such as jointed rock masses by analyzing the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of surface temperature ranges under different climatic conditions. The obtained results show that despite the low resolution of the IR sensor, the geometric accuracy and the correspondence between 2D and 3D temperature measurements are high enough to consider 3D thermal point clouds suitable to describe surface temperature distributions and adequate for monitoring purposes of jointed rock mass.

scholarly journals Rock Emissivity Measurement for Infrared Thermography Engineering Geological Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3773
Author(s):  
Simone Mineo ◽  
Giovanna Pappalardo
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rock Surface ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Ornamental Stones ◽  
Emissivity Measurement ◽  
Laboratory Tool ◽  
Non Destructive

Infrared thermography is a growing technology in the engineering geological field both for the remote survey of rock masses and as a laboratory tool for the non-destructive characterization of intact rock. In this latter case, its utility can be found either from a qualitative point of view, highlighting thermal contrasts on the rock surface, or from a quantitative point of view, involving the study of the surface temperature variations. Since the surface temperature of an object is proportional to its emissivity, the knowledge of this last value is crucial for the correct calibration of the instrument and for the achievement of reliable thermal outcomes. Although rock emissivity can be measured according to specific procedures, there is not always the time or possibility to carry out such measurements. Therefore, referring to reliable literature values is useful. In this frame, this paper aims at providing reference emissivity values belonging to 15 rock types among sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic categories, which underwent laboratory emissivity estimation by employing a high-sensitivity thermal camera. The results show that rocks can be defined as “emitters”, with emissivity generally ranging from 0.89 to 0.99. Such variability arises from both their intrinsic properties, such as the presence of pores and the different thermal behavior of minerals, and the surface conditions, such as polishing treatments for ornamental stones. The resulting emissivity values are reported and commented on herein for each different studied lithology, thus providing not only a reference dataset for practical use, but also laying the foundation for further scientific studies, also aimed at widening the rock aspects to investigate through IRT.

Characterization of Fouled Flat Sheet Membranes by Infrared Thermography

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kennethrex O. Ndukaife ◽  
George Agbai Nnanna
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Feed Concentration ◽  
Ir Camera ◽  
Measure Surface Temperature

An Infrared thermography (IRT) technique for characterization of fouling on membrane surface has been developed. The emitted spectral power from the fouled membrane is a function of emissivity and surface morphology. In this work, a FLIR A320 IR camera was used to measure surface temperature and emissivity. The surface temperature and the corresponding emissivity value of various areas on the fouled membrane surface is measured by the infrared camera and recorded alongside its thermogram. Different fouling experiments were performed using different concentrations of aluminum oxide nanoparticle mixed with deionized water as feed solution (333 ppm, 1833 ppm and 3333 ppm) so as to investigate the effect of feed concentration on the degree of fouling and thus its effect on the emissivity values measured on the membrane surfaces. Surface plots in 3D and Line plots are obtained for the measured emissivity values and thickness of the fouling deposit on the membrane surface respectively. The results indicate that the IRT technique is sensitive to changes that occur on the membrane surface due to deposition of contaminants on the membrane surface and that emissivity is a function of temperature, surface roughness and thickness of the specimen under investigation.

scholarly journals Effects of Diurnal Variations on Tropical Equilibrium States: A Two-Dimensional Cloud-Resolving Modeling Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 656-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shouting Gao ◽  
Yushu Zhou ◽  
Xiaofan Li
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium State ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Zenith Angle ◽  
Solar Zenith Angle ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Equilibrium States ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Time Invariant

Abstract Effects of diurnal variations on tropical heat and water vapor equilibrium states are investigated based on hourly data from two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulations. The model is integrated for 40 days and the simulations reach equilibrium states in all experiments. The simulation with a time-invariant solar zenith angle produces a colder and drier equilibrium state than does the simulation with a diurnally varied solar zenith angle. The simulation with a diurnally varied sea surface temperature generates a colder equilibrium state than does the simulation with a time-invariant sea surface temperature. Mass-weighted mean temperature and precipitable water budgets are analyzed to explain the thermodynamic differences. The simulation with the time-invariant solar zenith angle produces less solar heating, more condensation, and consumes more moisture than the simulation with the diurnally varied solar zenith angle. The simulation with the diurnally varied sea surface temperature produces a colder temperature through less latent heating and more IR cooling than the simulation with the time-invariant sea surface temperature.

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