Wear volume of self-mated steel at the submicron-scale: an AFM study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Manuel Reichelt ◽  
Brunero Cappella
Keyword(s):  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Normal Force ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Wear Process ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Aisi 52100 ◽  
Submicron Scale ◽  
Steel Aisi ◽  
Sliding Distance

Abstract Wear phenomena at the nanoscale are essential for applications involving miniaturized specimens. Furthermore, stochastic nano-events affect in general tribological processes, eventually also at the macroscale. Hence, it is of fundamental importance to perform nanotests with materials – such as steel – which are widely used also at the macroscale. In this paper, we present the analysis of tribotests performed with self-mated 100Cr6 steel (AISI 52100) at the submicron scale by means of an atomic force microscope. To this aim, steel particles with micrometre size were glued to the cantilever as “colloidal particles”. The microscope was employed for wear generation, for the imaging of scars and colloidal particles, and for the determination of wear volumes of both specimens. The analysis is focused on wear volume and its dependence on normal force and total sliding distance. Nanotests are compared with previously presented macrotests, also performed with self-mated steel. Nanotests exhibit, compared with macrotests, a significantly larger scattering and poor repeatability. Especially the analysis of these features reveals that, with small forces (≤ 10 µN) and surfaces (≤ 2 µm2), the random number of asperities inside the contact surface plays a crucial role, by far more decisive than the normal force or the sliding distance. Moreover, in several cases, only few asperities (< 10) are involved in the wear process. Such low numbers lead to a breakdown in the applicability of tribological laws (e.g. Archard's law) based on statistical methods and on average variables.

scholarly journals On the debris-level origins of adhesive wear

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (30) ◽  
pp. 7935-7940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramin Aghababaei ◽  
Derek H. Warner ◽  
Jean-François Molinari
Keyword(s):  
Tangential Force ◽  
Atomistic Simulations ◽  
Real Contact Area ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Wear Coefficient ◽  
Material Loss ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Debris Particles ◽  
Sliding Distance ◽  
Exact Amount

Every contacting surface inevitably experiences wear. Predicting the exact amount of material loss due to wear relies on empirical data and cannot be obtained from any physical model. Here, we analyze and quantify wear at the most fundamental level, i.e., wear debris particles. Our simulations show that the asperity junction size dictates the debris volume, revealing the origins of the long-standing hypothesized correlation between the wear volume and the real contact area. No correlation, however, is found between the debris volume and the normal applied force at the debris level. Alternatively, we show that the junction size controls the tangential force and sliding distance such that their product, i.e., the tangential work, is always proportional to the debris volume, with a proportionality constant of 1 over the junction shear strength. This study provides an estimation of the debris volume without any empirical factor, resulting in a wear coefficient of unity at the debris level. Discrepant microscopic and macroscopic wear observations and models are then contextualized on the basis of this understanding. This finding offers a way to characterize the wear volume in atomistic simulations and atomic force microscope wear experiments. It also provides a fundamental basis for predicting the wear coefficient for sliding rough contacts, given the statistics of junction clusters sizes.

Studies on wear resistance of organic tamarind kernel powder filled glass-epoxy composites based on Taguchi technique

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annappa A R ◽  
S Basavarajappa
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Volume Loss ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wear Process ◽  
Tamarind Kernel ◽  
Sliding Distance ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Models

Purpose – The aim of the this study is to develop a new class of composites which would be more commercially viable and environmentally sustainable via reduced resource depletion, as there has been global interest in utilization of natural resources. The dry sliding wear behavior of glass-epoxy (G-E)-based composites filled with tamarind kernel powder (TKP) in different volume fractions of fillers (0 per cent, 3 per cent and 6 per cent) was studied as per standards. Design/methodology/approach – In the present study, the analysis and optimization of the wear process has been studied. The Taguchi approach to experimental design was used to identify the effect of wear parameters such as applied load, sliding velocity and sliding distance. Taguchi tools such as analysis of variance and multiple linear regression models have been used to analyze, obtain the significant parameters and evaluate the optimum combination levels of wear process parameters. The results of Taguchi analysis indicate that sliding distance was found to be the prominent parameter affecting wear volume loss compared to other wear parameters. Findings – The G-E composites with 3 and 6 vol.% of TKP had the lowest wear volume loss. Multiple linear regression models for all the tested composites’ results well match with experimental results. Confirmation tests were conducted to validate the analysis. There was a close relationship between the experimental results and the statistical model. Originality/value – However, to the best of author’s knowledge, these literature reports related to natural organic filler materials are limited to analysis of polymer matrix composite. Further, the addition of TKP particle as a potential filler has not been addressed. An attempt has been made to clarify the technical viability of TKP as a potential filler for G-E composite.

Nano-Scale Forces, Stresses, and Tip Geometry Evolution of Amplitude Modulation Atomic Force Microscopy Probes

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Vahdat ◽  
David S. Grierson ◽  
Kevin T. Turner ◽  
Robert W. Carpick
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Force Microscopy ◽  
Amplitude Modulation ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Microscopy Imaging ◽  
Wear Process ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force

Atomic-scale wear is one of the main factors that hinders the performance of probes for atomic force microscopy (AFM) [1–6], including for the widely-used amplitude modulation (AM-AFM) mode. To conduct consistent and quantitative AM-AFM wear experiments, we have developed a protocol that involves controlling the tip-sample interaction regime, calculating the maximum contact force and normal stress over the course of the wear test, and quantifying the wear volume using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging (HR-TEM). The tip-sample interaction forces are estimated from a closed-form equation that uses the Derjaguin-Mu¨ller-Toporov interaction model (DMT) accompanied by a tip radius measurement algorithm known as blind tip reconstruction. The applicability of this new protocol is demonstrated experimentally by scanning silicon probes against ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) samples. The wear process for the Si tip involved blunting of the tip due to tip fragmentation and plastic deformation. In addition, previous studies on the relative contributions of energy dissipation processes to AFM tip wear are reviewed, and initial steps are taken towards applying this concept to AM-AFM.

scholarly journals GENERALIZED ARCHARD LAW OF WEAR BASED ON RABINOWICZ CRITERION OF WEAR PARTICLE FORMATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Popov
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Normal Force ◽  
Adhesive Wear ◽  
Wear Particle ◽  
Work Of Adhesion ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Wear Particles ◽  
Work Of Separation ◽  
Sliding Distance ◽  
Rabinowicz Criterion

According to the Archard law of adhesive wear, the wear volume is proportional to the normal force, the sliding distance, and inversely proportional to the hardness of the softer of contact partners. This law does not contain any properties characterizing “adhesion” of materials, e.g. the work of separation, either inside of the material or at the interface. The criterion for formation of wear particles, first formulated by Rabinowicz in 1958, on the contrary, is based on the interplay of elastic energy and work of adhesion and contains as governing parameters the modulus of elasticity, hardness and the work of separation. Following recent advances in understanding and simulation of wear, we discuss the ways how both laws could be melted together to a “generalized” Archard-Rabinowicz law of wear.

Combined determination of surface properties of nano-colloidal particles through ion selective electrodes with potentiometer

The Analyst ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
pp. 1122-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinmin Liu ◽  
Hang Li ◽  
Rui Li ◽  
Rui Tian ◽  
Chenyang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Properties ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Ion Selective Electrodes

Determination of normal force for optimal energy dissipation of harmonic disturbance in a semi-active device

2008 ◽  
Vol 311 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 633-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulin Buaka Muanke ◽  
Patrice Masson ◽  
Philippe Micheau
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Normal Force ◽  
Active Device ◽  
Optimal Energy

Design charts for reinforced concrete L-sections

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-483
Author(s):  
Maher K. Tadros
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Ultimate Strength ◽  
Normal Force ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Design Charts ◽  
Strength Design

The object of this paper is to present charts for the ultimate strength design of L-sections subjected to combined normal force and bending. The method of derivation of these charts is briefly described. It is general and applicable to other odd-shaped sections. It also conforms to the basic assumptions adopted in the CSA Standard A 23.3-1973. The charts can be used either for the determination of the dimensions of the section or for the check of its capacity.

Characterization and Manipulation of Exposed Ge Nanocrystals

2004 ◽  
Vol 818 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.D. Sharp ◽  
Q. Xu ◽  
C.Y. Liao ◽  
D.O. Yi ◽  
J.W. Ager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrofluoric Acid ◽  
Metal Films ◽  
Silica Matrix ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Si Substrates ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Oxide Matrix ◽  
Ge Nanocrystals

AbstractIsotopically pure 70Ge and 74Ge nanocrystals embedded in SiO2 thin films on Si substrates have been fabricated through ion implantation and thermal annealing. Nanocrystals were subsequently exposed using a hydrofluoric acid etching procedure to selectively remove the oxide matrix while retaining up to 69% of the implanted Ge. Comparison of transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of as-grown crystals to atomic force microscope (AFM) data of exposed crystals reveals that the nanocrystal size distribution is very nearly preserved during etching. Therefore, this process provides a new means to use AFM for rapid and straightforward determination of size distributions of nanocrystals formed in a silica matrix. Once exposed, nanocrystals may be transferred to a variety of substrates, such as conducting metal films and optically transparent insulators for further characterization.

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