Fast-Track Controls Retrofit for a Gas and Steam Turbine Propylene Compressor Drive

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Morton ◽  
Joseph M. Drobniak
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Steam Turbine ◽  
System Reliability ◽  
Fast Track ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
First Year ◽  
System Specification ◽  
Field Instrumentation ◽  
Start Up ◽  
The Cost

This paper chronicles a control system retrofit for a 38,000 horsepower refrigeration compressor drive at Novacor’s Ethylene #1 Plant, Red Deer, Alberta, Canada (Fig. 1). The changes were designed to meet a 3-year continuous operation requirement. When the plant was constructed in the late 1970’s, annual turnarounds were considered normal operating procedure. The project replaced original electronic controls on a 23,500 horsepower G. E. Frame 5, Model R gas turbine and a 18,300 horsepower Elliott 2 NV starter/helper steam turbine. Both turbines are connected at opposite ends of a single compressor drive shaft (Fig. 2). Because of the cost associated with any control system malfunction, a programmable triple modular redundant controller was selected as the replacement. Among the modifications performed to enhance system reliability were wiring dual exhaust thermocouples directly into the system and triplicating critical field devices. Another important aspect of this upgrade was replacing deteriorating underground field instrumentation wiring with cabling in overhead cable trays. The original wiring was over stressed by “frost heaving,” causing several unplanned shutdowns. In April of 1991, the project team initiated a schedule to meet an early August delivery. System specification, checkout, and start-up, as well as its first year of performance are discussed.

Cost Optimization for Steam Turbine Control Upgrades

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard J. Weiss ◽  
Jerry A. Kopczynski
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Steam Turbine ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Steam Turbines ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
The Cost

The basic principles of generating electricity from steam have not changed during the last 100 years. Consequently, current steam turbine design is similar to the one introduced to the market by BBC, ALSTOM, ASEA or GE about a century ago. Of course modern blade and valve design dramatically improves heat rate; new materials increase effective longevity of the turbine. Similarly, the basic principles of how to control a turbine are the same as many years ago. However, equipment being used now to operate and control a turbine is quite different than that of the time when the first steam turbine was put into commercial operation. It is common knowledge that the control system is technically aging much faster than the turbine itself. Steam turbines achieve an average service life of 40 years. There are many steam turbines still operating with originally installed control systems. These aging control systems installed 20–30 years ago are becoming unreliable and costly to maintain. For most power plant owners/operators it has become a necessity to modernize their originally installed mechanical/hydraulic control systems. This is particulary important now, due to the very competitive, deregulated power production business. Control system upgrades together with improvement of the steam path components will result in efficient operation of the power plant for an extended number of years for a fraction of the cost necessary to build a new power generation station. Several control upgrade solutions and options are available at substantial cost saving, without compromising safety requirements, flexibility and reliability of the power plant. Step by step modular upgrades, utilizing the majority of pre-existing equipment, using proven standard software modules and inexpensive PLCs (programmable logic controllers), applying 2 out-of-three 3 analog signal acquisitions for 2 out of 3, or 1 out of 2 protection — these are some ways of reducing the cost of plant modernization. This paper will discuss and document particular cases where the cost optimization concept was successfully implemented with positive results in the following areas: • High availability and reliability achieved; • Safety and flexibility of operation improved; • Maintenance cost reduced.

Research and Design of Intelligent Lighting Control System Based on Industrial Wireless Technology

2011 ◽  
Vol 467-469 ◽  
pp. 620-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Wang ◽  
Wei Ru Chen
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Control Technology ◽  
Wireless Technology ◽  
Lighting Control ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Point Control ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Research And Design ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The intelligent lighting control system is one of typical applications of the Internet of things. The method of intelligent lighting control system based on industrial wireless technology is proposed in the paper. It used proposed three-point-control technology, and adjusting the brightness of lamps, turn on/off the lamps and a part of fault detection can be realized. At the same time, it can greatly reduce the cost of system. It will be useful to engineer and researchers.

scholarly journals Societal Cost of Ischemic Stroke in Romania: Results from a Retrospective County-Level Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 689
Author(s):  
Stefan Strilciuc ◽  
Diana Alecsandra Grad ◽  
Vlad Mixich ◽  
Adina Stan ◽  
Anca Dana Buzoianu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
First Year ◽  
Hospital Level ◽  
Economic Burden Of Disease ◽  
Outpatient Cost ◽  
Patient Pathways ◽  
Stroke Disability ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
The Cost

Background: Health policies in transitioning health systems are rarely informed by the economic burden of disease due to scanty access to data. This study aimed to estimate direct and indirect costs for first-ever acute ischemic stroke (AIS) during the first year for patients residing in Cluj, Romania, and hospitalized in 2019 at the County Emergency Hospital (CEH). Methods: The study was conducted using a mixed, retrospective costing methodology from a societal perspective to measure the cost of first-ever AIS in the first year after onset. Patient pathways for AIS were reconstructed to aid in mapping inpatient and outpatient cost items. We used anonymized administrative and clinical data at the hospital level and publicly available databases. Results: The average cost per patient in the first year after stroke onset was RON 25,297.83 (EUR 5226.82), out of which 80.87% were direct costs. The total cost in Cluj, Romania in 2019 was RON 17,455,502.7 (EUR 3,606,505.8). Conclusions: Our costing exercise uncovered shortcomings of stroke management in Romania, particularly related to acute care and neurorehabilitation service provision. Romania spends significantly less on healthcare than other countries (5.5% of GDP vs. 9.8% European Union average), exposing stroke survivors to a disproportionately high risk for preventable and treatable post-stroke disability.

scholarly journals Evaluation of StrepBSelectChromogenic Medium and the Fast-Track Diagnostics Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Real-Time PCR Assay Compared to Routine Culture for Detection of GBS during Antepartum Screening

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 2137-2142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deirdre L. Church ◽  
Heather Baxter ◽  
Tracie Lloyd ◽  
Oscar Larios ◽  
Daniel B. Gregson
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Fast Track ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Standard Culture ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACTLife-threatening infection in neonates due to group BStreptococcus(GBS) is preventable by screening of near-term pregnant women and treatment at delivery. A total of 295 vaginal-rectal swabs were collected from women attending antepartum clinics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. GBS colonization was detected by the standard culture method (Strep B Carrot Broth subcultured to blood agar with a neomycin disk) and compared to recovery with Strep Group B Broth (Dalynn Biologicals) subcultured to StrepBSelectchromogenic medium (CM; Bio-Rad Laboratories) and the Fast-Track Diagnostics GBS real-time PCR (quantitative PCR [qPCR]) assay (Phoenix Airmid Biomedical Corp.) performed with broth-enriched samples and the Abbottm2000sp/m2000rt system. A total of 62/295 (21%) women were colonized with GBS; 58 (19.7%) cases were detected by standard culture, while CM and qPCR each found 61 (20.7%) cases. The qPCR and CM were similar in performance, with sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values of 98.4 and 98.4%, 99.6 and 99.6%, 98.4 and 98.4%, and 99.6 and 99.6%, respectively, compared to routine culture. Both qPCR and CM would allow more rapid reporting of routine GBS screening results than standard culture. Although the cost per test was similar for standard culture and CM, the routine use of qPCR would cost approximately four times as much as culture-based detection. Laboratories worldwide should consider implementing one of the newer methods for primary GBS testing, depending on the cost limitations of different health care jurisdictions.

scholarly journals A Cost Analysis of School-Based Lifestyle Interventions

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marije Oosterhoff ◽  
Hans Bosma ◽  
Onno C.P. van Schayck ◽  
Manuela A. Joore
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
First Year ◽  
Lifestyle Interventions ◽  
Stakeholder Perspectives ◽  
School Based ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Offsets

Abstract A uniform approach for costing school-based lifestyle interventions is currently lacking. The objective of this study was to develop a template for costing primary school-based lifestyle interventions and apply this to the costing of the “Healthy Primary School of the Future” (HPSF) and the “Physical Activity School” (PAS), which aim to improve physical activity and dietary behaviors. Cost-effectiveness studies were reviewed to identify the cost items. Societal costs were reflected by summing up the education, household and leisure, labor and social security, and health perspectives. Cost inputs for HPSF and PAS were obtained for the first year after implementation. In a scenario analysis, the costs were explored for a hypothetical steady state. From a societal perspective, the per child costs were €2.7/$3.3 (HPSF) and €− 0.3/$− 0.4 (PAS) per day during the first year after implementation, and €1.0/$1.2 and €− 1.3/$− 1.6 in a steady state, respectively (2016 prices). The highest costs were incurred by the education perspective (first year: €8.7/$10.6 (HPSF) and €4.0/$4.9 (PAS); steady state: €6.1/$7.4 (HPSF) and €2.1/$2.6 (PAS)), whereas most of the cost offsets were received by the household and leisure perspective (first year: €− 6.0/$− 7.3 (HPSF) and €− 4.4/$− 5.4 (PAS); steady state: €− 5.0/$− 6.1 (HPSF) and €− 3.4/$− 4.1 (PAS)). The template proved helpful for costing HPSF and PAS from various stakeholder perspectives. The costs for the education sector were fully (PAS) and almost fully (HPSF) compensated by the savings within the household sector. Whether the additional costs of HPSF over PAS represent value for money will depend on their relative effectiveness.

Design of the Automatic Guided Vehicle Control System Applied to Automotive Logistics

2014 ◽  
Vol 644-650 ◽  
pp. 381-384
Author(s):  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Hao Zhou ◽  
Guo Song Liu
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Vehicle Control ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Circuit Performance ◽  
Automatic Driving ◽  
Automatic Guided Vehicle ◽  
Distribution Logistics ◽  
Auto Parts ◽  
The Cost

In order to improve the efficiency of auto parts distribution logistics, to lower the cost of auto production in transportation logistics, and to reduce accidents, in this paper it is designed that an automatic guided vehicle control system to replace the manned tractors in the distribution sites. The system is equipped with an infrared homing device that can ensure the automated guided vehicle (AGV) along a predetermined route automatic driving at a given distribution information, without the needs to manually guided. Test results show that the circuit performance of AGV control system is stable to ensure the accuracy of the tracking in the practical application, and the mean absolute error of the tracking is less than 0.04m.

scholarly journals Multidimensional Optimal Droop Control for DC Microgrids in Military Applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn Bunker ◽  
Michael Cook ◽  
Wayne Weaver ◽  
Gordon Parker
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
System Reliability ◽  
Droop Control ◽  
Hardware In The Loop ◽  
Dc Microgrids ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
Bus Voltage ◽  
Solar Resource

Reliability is a key consideration when microgrid technology is implemented in military applications. Droop control provides a simple option without requiring communication between microgrid components, increasing the control system reliability. However, traditional droop control does not allow the microgrid to utilize much of the power available from a solar resource. This paper applies an optimal multidimensional droop control strategy for a solar resource connected in a microgrid at a military patrol base. Simulation and hardware-in-the-loop experiments of a sample microgrid show that much more power from the solar resource can be utilized, while maintaining the system’s bus voltage around a nominal value, and still avoiding the need for communication between the various components.

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