scholarly journals Measurement Uncertainties Encountered During Gas Turbine Driven Compressor Field Testing

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Brun ◽  
Rainer Kurz
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Equations Of State ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Significant Implication ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Measurement Uncertainties

Field testing of gas turbine compressor packages requires the accurate determination of efficiency, capacity, head, power and fuel flow in sometimes less than ideal working environments. Nonetheless, field test results have significant implication for the compressor and gas turbine manufacturers and their customers. Economic considerations demand that the performance and efficiency of an installation are verified to assure a project’s return on investment. Thus, for the compressor and gas turbine manufacturers, as well as for the end-user, an accurate determination of the field performance is of vital interest. This paper describes an analytic method to predict the measurement uncertainty and, thus, the accuracy, of field test results for gas turbine driven compressors. Namely, a method is presented which can be employed to verify the validity of field test performance results. The equations governing the compressor and gas turbine performance uncertainties are rigorously derived and results are numerically compared to actual field test data. Typical field test measurement uncertainties are presented for different sets of instrumentation. Test parameters that correlate to the most significant influence on the performance uncertainties are identified and suggestions are provided on how to minimize their measurement errors. The effect of different equations of state on the calculated performance is also discussed. Results show that compressor efficiency uncertainties can be unacceptably high when some basic rules for accurate testing are violated. However, by following some simple measurement rules and maintaining commonality of the gas equations of state, the overall compressor package performance measurement uncertainty can be limited and meaningful results can be achieved.

Measurement Uncertainties Encountered During Gas Turbine Driven Compressor Field Testing

2000 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Brun ◽  
R. Kurz
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Equations Of State ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Significant Implication ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Measurement Uncertainties

Field testing of gas turbine compressor packages requires the accurate determination of efficiency, capacity, head, power and fuel flow in sometimes less than ideal working environments. Nonetheless, field test results have significant implication for the compressor and gas turbine manufacturers and their customers. Economic considerations demand that the performance and efficiency of an installation are verified to assure a project?s return on investment. Thus, for the compressor and gas turbine manufacturers, as well as for the end-user, an accurate determination of the field performance is of vital interest. This paper describes an analytic method to predict the measurement uncertainty and, thus, the accuracy, of field test results for gas turbine driven compressors. Namely, a method is presented which can be employed to verify the validity of field test performance results. The equations governing the compressor and gas turbine performance uncertainties are rigorously derived and results are numerically compared to actual field test data. Typical field test measurement uncertainties are presented for different sets of instrumentation. Test parameters that correlate to the most significant influence on the performance uncertainties are identified and suggestions are provided on how to minimize their measurement errors. The effect of different equations of state on the calculated performance is also discussed. Results show that compressor efficiency uncertainties can be unacceptably high when some basic rules for accurate testing are violated. However, by following some simple measurement rules and maintaining commonality of the gas equations of state, the overall compressor package performance measurement uncertainty can be limited and meaningful results can be achieved.

On Test Uncertainties in Field Performance Tests

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Kurz ◽  
Klaus Brun
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Equations Of State ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Significant Implication ◽  
Test Results

Field testing of gas turbine or electric motor driven compressor packages requires the accurate determination of efficiency, capacity, head, or power consumption in sometimes less than ideal working environments. Nonetheless, field test results have significant implication for the compressor and gas turbine manufacturers and their customers. Economic considerations demand that the performance and efficiency of an installation are verified to assure the return on investment for the project. Thus, for the compressor and gas turbine manufacturers, as well as for the end-user, an accurate determination of the field performance is of vital interest. This paper discusses a method to determine the measurement uncertainty and, thus, the accuracy, of test results under the typical constraints of a site performance test, for compressors capable of variable speed operation. Namely, a method is presented which can be employed to verify the validity of field test performance results. Results are compared with actual field test results, using redundant methods. Typical field test measurement uncertainties are presented for different sets of instrumentation. The effect of different equations of state on the calculated performance is also discussed. Test parameters that correlate to the most significant influence on the performance uncertainties are identified and suggestions are provided on how to minimize their measurement errors. Results show that compressor efficiency uncertainties can be unacceptably high when some basic rules for accurate testing are violated. However, by following some simple measurement rules and maintaining commonality of the gas equations of state, the overall compressor package performance measurement uncertainty can be limited and meaningful results can be achieved.

Field testing and probabilistic assessment of ballistic penetration of steel plates for small calibre military ammunition

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark G Stewart ◽  
Brianna Dorrough ◽  
Michael D Netherton
Keyword(s):  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Hardened Steel ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Probabilistic Assessment ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Terminal Ballistics

The penetration of projectiles into semi-infinite targets helps in the understanding and modelling of terminal ballistics. The article describes field test results of 5.56×45 mm F1 Ball and 7.62×51 mm M80 Ball ammunition. The targets were 25-mm-thick mild and high strength steel plates of Grade 250 MPa and 350 MPa, respectively. The tests recorded penetration depth, muzzle and impact velocities, and bullet mass. Despite its smaller calibre, the 5.56 mm × 45 mm F1 Ball ammunition recorded deeper penetrations than the larger calibre 7.62 mm × 51 mm M80 Ball ammunition. This is due to the 5.56 mm ammunition comprising a hardened steel penetrator and lead core, whereas the 7.62 mm ammunition comprised only a lead core. Multiple shots were fired for each type of munition. The coefficient of variation of steel penetration is approximately 0.10 and 0.03 for 5.56 mm and 7.62 mm rounds, respectively. The article also presents predictive models of steel penetration depth and compares these to the field test results.

Rainbow Field Test of Coatings for Hot Corrosion Protection of Gas Turbine Hot Section Components

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Van Roode ◽  
Kenneth G. Kubarych ◽  
Russell L. McCarron
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Corrosion Protection ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Hot Corrosion ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Gas Turbine Blades ◽  
Metal Aluminides ◽  
Overlay Coatings

The work described in this paper was conducted under Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Contract RP 2465, “Rainbow Test of Advanced Coatings for Gas Turbine Blades and Vanes”. A field test of a rainbow rotor and nozzle was carried out to establish the hot corrosion protection of various aluminide and MCrAlX (X = Y, Hf) overlay coatings on first stage blades and nozzles of a Centaur gas turbine operating in Valera, Venezuela. The blade coatings included both simple and precious metal aluminides, Electron Beam-Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) coatings and Low Pressure Plasma Spray (LPPS) coatings on Inconel-738LC, Inconel-792 and MAR-M421 substrates. The turbine nozzle vanes were coated by similar methods on FSX-414 and MAR-M509 substrates. Field testing was performed under industrial conditions where the continuous duty engine, used for power generation, ran on a liquid fuel contaminated with sodium and sulfur. The engine test was terminated after nearly 8,000 hours of operation. Visual examination and micro-structural analysis indicated that EB-PVD and LPPS overlay coatings were more effective than simple and modified aluminides for hot section hot corrosion protection. The protection of overlay coatings on nozzle airfoils was found to increase with their chromium content.

Determination of Deflection of the Vertical by the Astrogeodetic Difference Method

1982 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
W. F. Teskey
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Difference Method ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Cost Estimate ◽  
New Method ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Deflection Of The Vertical ◽  
Potential Applications

In certain survey applications the effect of deflection of the vertical cannot be ignored without producing large systematic errors. To avoid this problem some method of determining deflection, or change in deflection, must be used. A new method to determine change in deflection, the astrogeodetic difference method, is described. Field test results confirming the accuracy of the method are given. A cost estimate is made and potential applications are briefly discussed.

Combustion System Performance and Field Test Results of the MS7001F Gas Turbine

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Claeys ◽  
K. M. Elward ◽  
W. J. Mick ◽  
R. A. Symonds
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Field Test ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Dynamic Activity ◽  
Unburned Hydrocarbons ◽  
Nox Control

This paper presents the results of the combustion system test of the MS7001F installed at the Virginia Power Chesterfield station. Tests of water and steam injection for NOx control were performed. Results of emissions, combustor dynamics, and combustor hardware performance are presented. Emissions test results include NOx, CO, unburned hydrocarbons, VOC, and formaldehyde levels. Combustor dynamic activity over a range of diluent injection ratios, and the performance of an actively cooled transition duct are also discussed. Combustion system mechanical performance is described following the first combustion system inspection.

scholarly journals INTEGRATING CHARACTER EDUCATION AND LOCAL WISDOM IN DEVELOPING ENGLISH TEACHING MATERIAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muawwinatul Laili
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Eighth Graders ◽  
Teaching Material ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
English Teaching ◽  
Form Field

There are many moral degradations has influenced students’ character. Character education need to be implemented in students’ learning activities. However, some teachers find some difficulties in finding and creating a textbook that includes character education in it. Besides, the role of local wisdom is very important in teaching character education and shaping students’ identity. The teachers can promote local wisdom through English teaching materials. Both of charactereducation and local wisdom can be integrated in the teaching materials. This research intends to develop English teaching material needed by eighth graders. The design to develop the teaching material is Research and Development (R & D). The R&D method procedure that was conducted by the researcher is adapted from Cunningham’s R&D in Borg and Gall (2003). The development process was done by six steps, they are; reviewing relevant of literature, planning the chapterobjectives, developing a preliminary form, field-testing the preliminary form, revising the preliminary form based on the field-test results, and conducting a main field test of the revised form. As the result, the final products that integrated with character education and local wisdom can be the solution to promote the local wisdom and the way to teach character to the students.

Improving quality of care and reducing costs with angiogenesis-specific imaging tests in metastatic breast cancer.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (34_suppl) ◽  
pp. 150-150
Author(s):  
Carolyn Bodnar ◽  
L. Clark Paramore ◽  
Kevin B. Knopf
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Metastatic Breast Cancer ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Test Results ◽  
The Impact

150 Background: Anti-angiogenesis (AA) drugs (e.g., bevacizumab) are expensive and their clinical benefit in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) has been challenged. Healthcare reform and financial pressures prioritize programs which improve patient quality of care and reduce costs of unnecessary care. Angiogenesis-specific imaging tests (A-IT) under development have potential to offer earlier, accurate determination of response. For A-IT-identified responders, AA treatment would be continued. For patients identified as non-responders, futile AA treatment and associated toxicities can be avoided and alternative therapies initiated. Methods: A decision-tree model was developed to estimate the impact of A-IT from determination of AA therapy eligibility through to disease progression. Key decision nodes were presence/absence of A-IT (assessing change in biomarker expression across 2 PET/CT scans: at AA eligibility, then after one cycle of AA), A-IT sensitivity/specificity (SE/SP) and clinician adherence to test results (tied to belief that results are valid enough to stop AA therapy). Key model inputs (and base case values): 1) median time to progression (TTP) for current MBC patients on AA therapies (9.5 months); 2) median TTP for A-IT identified responders (13 months); 3) costs of bevacizumab, one cycle ($5,200); 4) percentage of AA patients with hemorrhage (4%); 5) costs of hemorrhaging, per event ($14,694); 6) per patient costs for A-IT ($6,000); 7) estimated SE/SP of A-IT – 95%/75%; and 8) clinician adherence to test results (75%). Results: Based on a cohort of 100 MBC patients, use of A-IT results in 29 patients avoiding futile AA therapy with a saving of $460,000, versus a scenario where A-IT was not used. One-way threshold sensitivity analysis shows A-IT is cost-saving if SP >62% or when clinician adherence is ≥63%; results are not sensitive to AA hemorrhage rate. Conclusions: Use of A-IT could improve quality of care by optimizing AA therapy, i.e., by identifying responders who will experience survival benefit and non-responders who can avoid futile therapy and toxicity risks. Significant cost savings may be possible as a result of early determination of response to AA drugs.

HANDLING OF CORRELATIONS OF SPECTRAL QUANTITIES IN TRACEABILITY CHAIN – BASICS FOR A PYTHON-BASED ANALYSIS FRAMEWORKE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Schneider ◽  
Thorsten Gerloff ◽  
Armin Sperling
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Correlated Data ◽  
Test Laboratory ◽  
Spectral Irradiance ◽  
Analysis Framework ◽  
Major Goal ◽  
Traceability Chain ◽  
Measurement Uncertainties

In this contribution a framework is presented that aims to help for handling correlations within measurement uncertainty calculations for spectral quantities. Taking correlations for spectral quantities into account is necessary as they directly influence the measurement uncertainties especially for integral quantities. Therefore, determination of correlations within traceability chains at national metrology institutes (NMIs) and disseminations of correlated data to test laboratory level is encouraged and a major goal of the EMPIR project 19NRM02 “Revision and extension of standards for test methods for LED lamps, luminaires and modules” (RevStdLED). The presented python-based analysis framework is used in photometry and spectroradiometry at PTB to calculate the results and associated measurement uncertainty for spectral irradiance, spectral irradiance responsivity and luminous responsivity based on spectral calibrations.

scholarly journals Diagnosing the Sources of Overall Performance Deterioration in CCGT Plants

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Mathioudakis ◽  
A. Stamatis ◽  
E. Bonataki
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Performance Deterioration ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Improve Reliability

A method for diagnosing which parts of a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) power plant are responsible for performance deviations is presented. When the overall power output and efficiency deviate from their baseline value, application of the method allows the determination of the component(s) of the plant, responsible for this deviation. The level of depth of this assessment depends on the number of quantities measured. It is demonstrated that a minimal number of measurements can be used to allocate differences between the gas turbine and the steam part of the plant. Additional data can then be used to identify deviating components in more detail. The influence of measurement uncertainty and the exploitation of different measurements in order to check consistency and improve reliability of the results are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document